Mary's marriage

How old was Mary when she became queen?

37

Who were Mary’s three main candidates for marriage?

Reginald Pole, Prince Philip of Spain, Edward Courtenay

Why was Reginald Pole the least realistic marriage candidate?

He was a cardinal so would have to leave the Church to marry Mary

Why was Edward Courtenay a potentially good option?

Had Yorkist blood - by marrying him, may be getting rid of a potential rival

Why was Courtenay not a good option (religion)?

Was in theory a Catholic but not committed to his faith (could still argue this was better than Philip, who was a bigoted fanatical Cath)

Why was Courtenay not a good option (leadership)?

Had been in the ToLondon since his father’s execution so had no leadership experience and a minimal understanding of politics

Why was Philip a good choice? (expected alliance)

Spain was Eng’s traditional ally and mary was ½ Spanish - cemented what would be an already expected alliance

Why was Philip a good choice? (experience)c

Was the only candidate with actual ruling experience (DoMilan)

Why was Philip a good choice? (pressure)

CV was pushing this marriage - not marrying him risked angering CV

Why was Philip not a good choice? (hnationality)

Was foreign. Eng had foreign queens before but never a foreign king. Fears that he would have too much of an involvement in gov, ministers fearful that they would be replaced by foreigners

Why was Philip not a good choice? (age)

He was quite a lot younger than Mary

Who did Mary discuss the possibility of marriage with and had a significant role in the drawing up of the marriage treaty?

Renard, the imperial ambassador and her close personal friend

Who were not consulted whilst the terms of the marriage treaty were being drawn up?

The Privy Council

What did Mary not take into account when thinking about the marriag?

The likely reaction of her subjecys

When does Mary tell the PC that she intends to marry Philip?

OCtober 1553

Which member of the PC was especially concerned by the proposed match?

Gardinre

Who did Gardiner want Mary to marry and why?

Courtenay, their father-son-like relationship

How did Gardiner return to power?

He was released alongside the other Caths being held in the ToLondon when Mary came to power, restored to his post of Bishop of Winchester

What were the two factions on the PC

Gardiner and his supporters and Paget and his supporters

Who does Paget support, why may this be confusing?

Philip, Paget was very moderate in terms of religion (basically changed according to what would be most advantageous) whereas Philip was a fanatic Cath

Why did Paget support Philip?

Paget put politics over religion and saw that Philip was the best contender, saw how a Spanish alliance would be good to counteract the Auld Alliance

When does the petition against the marriage reach Mary?

November 1553

What does the November 1553 petition say?

Mary should marry Ed Courtenay not philip

Who is blamed for the petition, why doesn’t this make sense?

Gardiner, he had no involvement in it

When is the marriage treaty put before the PC?

Decemebr 1553

When do the PC/Parl ratify the marriage treaty?

Jan/April

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of children inheriting?

Any children would inherit England and Neth because of trade links (but not Spain - P’s other son Don Carlos was heir)

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of Mary’s death?

If Mary died and they had no children, Philip would no longer have any say/control in England (crown would go to Eliz, in keeping with H8’s will)

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of title?

Philip would receive the title of King of England

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of P’s power?

Mary had to counter-sign everything P did, P had no sovereign power to rule independently of Mary

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of foreigners in gov?

Was not allowed

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of proclomations?

P had to uphold laws and could'n’t issue proclamations

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of Mary and children and location?

P couldn’t take Mary or their children out of England without the permission of the nobles

What did the marriage treaty say in terms of Neth treaties?

Eng would uphold the 1543 and 1546 treaties to help Neth in case of attack from Fr

What are the few clauses of the marriage treaty that benefitted Spain?

Philip could receive title of king (even if it didn’t equate to kingly power), Eng reiterated obligation to help Neth (still theoretically helped Eng as protected Neth for theoretical heir)

Why were Philip and CV prepared to accept the harsh terms of the marriage treaty>

Backdrop of the Hapsburg-Valois wars meant they were desperate for an English alliance

What was significant about the period before M and P got married?

There was no courtship - the first time they met was 2 days before they got married

How were M’s feelings towards P different to his feelings towards her?

She was already in love with him (saw portrait) but Philip definitely wasn’t - she was over 10 years older than him. Plus Philip had mistress back in Spain who he was in love with and reluctant to leave

how was language an issue between M and P?

M didn’t speak very good Spanish (spoke it left after she was taken away from her mother), P didn’t speak English. Although they could sometimes use Fr as a bridge across the language gap, a translator was often needed for them to communicate with one another

What is some evidence that P made an effort to be a good husband to M/

Took up drinking beer (not at all popular in Spain), gave gifts to English noblemen

What is one example of Philip having no interest in his marriage with Mary?

Had an affair with his cousin Christina of Denmark, even brought her to court and flaunted her in front of Mary

What were some differences in the way P and M were treated in the English court that angered P and his servants?

Her throne was higher than this (although this may’ve been due to a height difference), she got gold plates at banquets but he got silver

When were the two times where it seemed Mary was pregnant (turns out she wasn’t pregnant either time)?

1554, 1557-1558