mock errors

how do you calculate cardiac output

stroke volume x heart rate

do bacteria have golgi apparatus

no

molecular formula of lactose

C12H22O11

what occurs first translation or transcription

transCription is first, transLation is second, C is before L in the alphabet

which kingdom does ring rot belong to?

not what is its causal agent (which is bacteria), what is its kingdom == prokaryote

Simpsons index of biodiversity values meaning

A highly biodiverse and stable environment will have a high D value. An unstable and non-biodiverse environment will have a low D value.

how does an anomaly affect the precision of data obtained

reduces repeatability of the data. increases the standard deviationst

standard deviation

greater standard deviation (less clustered around the mean) = more variation and smaller standard deviation (more clustered around mean) = less variation. can be presented as a normal distribution graph = bell shaped

how do you prepare a serial dilution

how can you estimate what tissue has a higher sucrose concentration

plot a graph of sucrose concentration against the change in mass and draw a line of best fit for both plant tissues. identify where each line crosses the x axis to find the sucrose concentration because the change in mass will be 0. a higher sucrose concentration at the x intercept means a higher sucrose concentration than the other tissue

Cambium

Cambium is a type of meristematic tissue found in plants, primarily responsible for secondary growth. It is located between the xylem and phloem layers in stems and roots.

how is the xylem adapted for its function

lignin walls to prevent water loss from xylem vessel. hollow vessels to allow for continuous water transport. lignin allows for adhesion of water molecules to vessel walls. vessels are narrow to contribute to capillary action. have pits that allow water to move into adjacent xylem vessels.

ways xerophytes are adapted to prevent water loss

small/rolled/spiked leaves reduce surface area. sunken stomata maintain humidity/water potential gradient. rolled leaves reduce the effect of wind on water potential gradient. stomata are closed during the day to reduce transpiration

transverse section of a plant stem

explai

how errors occur during DNA replication

mutation. change in DNA base sequence. types of mutation: substitution, addition, deletion, frameshift, wrong complementary base pairs matched during DNA replication.

which checkpoint in the cell cycle failed to work in a cell will more chromosomes than its normal diploid number

mitosis checkpoint. this is called non-disjunction. cell received more than 1 copy of each chromosome/chromatids were not separated

DNA extraction PAG method

1) if plant crush sample to break cell walls. 2) detergent added to break down nuclear membrane. 3) add salt to break the hydrogen bonds between DNA and water. 4) add protease enzyme to digest histone proteins. 5) add ethanol to cause precipitation of DNA and disrupt the nuclear membrane

what shape are globular proteins

spherical

suggest potential implications of antibiotic resistance for hospitals

need for extra hygiene practices, use of more antibiotics, higher healthcare costs

explain the potential implications of antibiotic resistance for hospitals

greater number of people be