Earth Science - Plate Tectonics, Layers of the Earth, Volcanoes, and Plate Boundaries

Seafloor Spreading

________: a process that occurs at mid- ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

Trenches

________: deep, v- shaped valleys that lie along the bottom of the oceans.

Epicenter

________: the geographic point at the surface directly above the focus.

Mountain

________: a landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft)

Focus

________: the point within Earth where an earthquake rupture starts.

Alpine Himalayan Belt

________: reveals the collision of the African Plate and Indo- Australian plate with the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate.

Subduction

________: occurs when the old seafloor plunges back into the interior of earth.

Crust

________: the outermost layer made up of solid materials and minerals.

Convergent Boundary

________: occurs due to subduction.

Mohorovicic

________ discontinuity: boundary between the crust and mantle.

Divergent Boundary

________: plates that move apart.

Transform Boundary

________: plates slide past each other.

Earthquake

________: series of a series of seismic wave traveling through earth and is a result of sudden release of energy.

Convection Current

________: the movement of materials caused by the difference in their temperatures.

Sierra Madre

________: longest mountain range in the Philippines.

molten rocks

Asthenosphere: plates that lie atop a layer of partially ________.

Mantle

________: consists of semiliquid rock.

Extinct Volcano

________: not active or has not erupted for a longtime.

Core

________: extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature.

Mount Everest

________: highest mountain with an elevation of 8848m (29035 ft.)- sea level and 3600m (12000 ft.)- base to peak.

Mountain Belts

________: long chain of mountain ranges.

Continental Drift Theory

________: Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, hypothesized that the continents were once a single landmass called Pangaea "all land.

Fossils of Glossopteris

________: seed fern from Permian period.

Earthquakes

________ usually accompany volcanic eruptions because both are found along the edge of tectonic plates.

Crust

the outermost layer made up of solid materials and minerals

Mohorovicic discontinuity

boundary between the crust and mantle

Mantle

consists of semiliquid rock

Core

extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature

Inner core

solid

Outer core

liquid

Most active volcanoes are located in two volcanic belts

Alpine-Himalayan Belt and Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire)

Ring of Fire

outlines the major trenches in the Pacific Ocean, is an active volcanic and seismic zone

Alpine-Himalayan Belt

reveals the collision of the African Plate and Indo-Australian plate with the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate

Active volcano

usually associated with seismic activity, presence of hot water spring, and changes of elevation of earths crater

Dormant Volcano

has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic indications

Extinct Volcano

not active or has not erupted for a longtime

Earthquake

series of a series of seismic wave traveling through earth and is a result of sudden release of energy

Seismic waves

body waves that radiate outward in all directions from the center to the earths interior

Focus

the point within Earth where an earthquake rupture starts

Epicenter

the geographic point at the surface directly above the focus

Mountain

a landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft)

Mount Everest

highest mountain with an elevation of 8848m (29035 ft.)-sea level and 3600m (12000 ft.) -base to peak

Mountain Range

chain of mountains

Himalayas

highest mountain range

Mountain Belts

long chain of mountain ranges

Andes Mountains

Seven South American countries

Sierra Madre

longest mountain range in the Philippines

Northeastern coast of Luzon

Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino and Rizal

Continental Plates

plates that contain mostly continental landmasses

Oceanic Plates

those that form a portion of the ocean bottom

Plate Tectonic Theory

the movement of the lithosphere produced the landforms on Earths surface

Continental Drift Theory

Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, hypothesized that the continents were once a single landmass called Pangaea "all land"

Convection Current

the movement of materials caused by the difference in their temperatures

Seafloor Spreading

a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge

**@@Mid-ocean ridge

@@**a large system of underwater mountains that has a rift valley or a deep crack

Subduction

occurs when the old seafloor plunges back into the interior of earth

Trenches

deep, v-shaped valleys that lie along the bottom of the oceans

Asthenosphere

plates that lie atop a layer of partially molten rocks

Plate Boundaries

Border between two tectonic plates

Divergent Boundary

plates that move apart

Convergent Boundary

occurs due to subduction

Oceanic-continental

subduction zone, deep ocean trenches

Oceanic -oceanic

Subduction zone

Continental-continental

mountain ranges

Transform Boundary

plates slide past each other

Fossils

remains or traces of plant life and animal life preserved in rocks or sediments

Fossils of Glossopteris

seed fern from Permian period

Fossils of Mesosaurus

prehistoric reptile

Evidence from Rocks

same age and type

Evidence from Glacial Deposits

South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica