Language of Medicine

Exam 1 (ch 1-6)

Combing Forms

aden/o

gland

Combing Forms

arthr/o

joint

Combing Forms

bi/o

life

Combining Forms

carcin/o

cancerous

Combing Forms

cardi/o

heart

Combining Forms

cephal/o

head

Combining Forms

cerebr/o

cerebrum

Combining Forms

cis/o

to cut

Combining Forms

crin/o

to secrete

Combining Forms

cyst/o

urinary bladder

Combining Forms

cyt/o

cell

Combining Forms

derm/o or dermat/o

skin

Combining Forms

nephr/o

kidney

Combining Forms

electr/o

electricity

Combining Forms

encephal/o

brain

Combining Forms

enter/o

intestines

Combining Forms

erythr/o

red

Combining Forms

gastr/o

stomach

Combining Forms

glyc/o

sugar

Combining Forms

gnos/o

knowledge

Combining Forms

gynec/o

women

Combining Forms

hemat/o or hem/o

blood

Combining Forms

hepat/o

liver

Combining Forms

iatr/o

treatment/physician

Combining Forms

leuk/o

white

Combining Forms

log/o

study of

Combining Forms

neur/o

nerve

Combining Forms

onc/o

tumor

Combining Forms

ophthalm/o

eye

Combining Forms

oste/o

bone

Combining Forms

path/o

disease

Combining Forms

ped/o

child

Combining Forms

psych/o

mind

Combining Forms

radi/o

x - rays

Combining Forms

ren/o

kidney

Combining Forms

rhin/o

nose

Combining Forms

sarc/o

flesh

Combining Forms

sect/o

to cut

Combining Forms

thromb/o

clot, clotting

Combining Forms

ur/o

urinary tract

Suffixes

ac

pertaining to

Suffixes

al

pertaining to

Suffixes

algia

pain

Suffixes

cyte

cell

Suffixes

ectomy

excision/ removal

What are the 4 types of cells

muscle, nerve, epithelial, and fat cells

What are the 4 types of tissues

muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue

What does muscle tissue do?

helps with movement, posture, heat production, protection and support, control of body openings and circulation

What does epithelial tissue do?

covers all outer surface of the body and makes lining of internal organs, made of tightly packed cells in one or more layers

What are connective tissues made of?

cartilage, fibroblasts and adipocytes

What does connective tissue do?

protects, provides structure, storage, and connects tissues and organs

Autoimmune disease

the body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues causing inflammation and injury

Rheumatoid arthritis

joints have degraded cartilage which causes bone erosion and bone displacement

Symphysis

a joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage

histologist

scientist who specializes in the study of tissue

organs

group of tissues working together

systems

one or more organ working together to complete a complicated function

viscera

internal organs

What organs are in the cranial cavity?

cerebrum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brain stem (brain) and pituitary gland

What organs are in the thoracic cavity?

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta

What organs are in the abdominal cavity?

stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

What organs are in the pelvic cavity?

portions of small and large intestine, bladder, urethra, rectum, ureters, (uterus and vagina in female)

What organs are in the spinal cavity?

nerves of the spinal cord

What is the mediastinum and where is it?

between right and left lung, contains heart

Its in the thoracic cavity

What is the pleural cavity and where is it?

It’s in the thoracic cavity, and it’s a thin fluid filled space around the lungs that allows you to breathe without friction

What is the peritoneum?

protective membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs inside

What is the structure of the peritoneum?

visceral layer covers the abdominal organs

parietal layer lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

What does the peritoneal cavity do?

it contains serous fluid which decreases friction between organs in the abdominal cavity

Achondroplasia

a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal sized head and body, and normal intelligence

What is in the spinal cavity?

spinal column and disc, and pelvic bones

Directional Terms

Caudad/ caudal

inferior position

Directional Terms

Cephalad/ Cephalic

superior position

Anterior

front of the body (ventral)

posterior

back of body (dorsal)

unilateral

one side of the body

bilateral

both sides of the body

anteroposterior

front —> back

posteroanterior

back —> front

What is the sternum/breastbone

a long flat bone shaped like a necktie located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front of the rib cage, and thus helps to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury

Suffix

dynia

pain

Suffix

cele

hernia

Suffix

centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

Suffix

coccus

berry shaped bacterium

Hernia

protrusion of an organ theough the cavity that normally contains it

cystocele

hernia where the urinary bladder bulges into the front wall of the vagina

rectocele

hernia where the rectum bulges into the back wall of the vagina

hiatal hernia

protrusion from stomach to esophagus

indirect inguinal canal

herniated tissue goes through the inguinal canal and can reach the scrotum

direct inguinal canal

the herniated tissue pokes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, usually a loop of intestine or abdominal fat) and goes into the inguinal canal but never all the way through

omphalocele

hernia in umbilicus, navel

amniocentesis

withdrawal of the fluid that surrounds the embryo for chem ical analysis, culture and karotyping

streptococcus or ataphylococcus

bacteria that grows in chains or in clusters

Suffix

emia

blood condition

Suffix

genesis

condition of producing, forming

Suffix

gram

record

Anemia

reduction in the number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood

aplastic anemia

bone marrow fails to develop enough new blood cells causing a deficiency in all blood cells

sickle cell anemia

genetic blood disorder, body produces sickled celled blood cells which break down easy and block blood flow

iron deficiency anemia

caused by insufficient iron, without iron your body can’t create healthy red blood cells which leads to anemia

what is hemoglobin?

the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen