Studied by 3 people
APUSH Unit 4 Key Events
Marbury v. Madison (1803) **important
Marbury was one of Adam's appointed midnight judges. Madison refused to give Marbury his commission. This case gave courts the power to declare laws and actions as unconstitutional (judicial review). They also decided that Marbury was legally entitled to his commission.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
The first time the court ruled a state law unconstitutional. The Yazoo Land Act was corrupt as the officials who approved the act received bribes. Fletcher bought land from Peck but the sale was declared invalid as Peck did not have the right to sell it. The supreme court decided that the repeal of the Yazoo Land Act was unconstitutional and that states cannot pass laws that impacted contracts.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) **important
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) defined the Congress's legislative power and the relationship between Congress and state legislatures. After Congress created the Second Bank of the US, Maryland began to tax the bank. However, McCulloch refused to pay the tax. The Supreme Court ruled that states cannot tax the national bank based on the elastic clause.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Republicans had gained control of New Hampshire govt and wanted to revise Dartmouth college's charter to turn it from a private college to a public university. Dartmouth ruled that they had a contract which should be protected under the same idea that a contract could not be repealed. This was important because it placed restrictions on the ability of state govt to control corporations.
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821) - Marshall affirms constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions - reasoning: states gave up some sovereignty when ratified constitution, thus must submit to federal jurisdiction
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) **important
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was a Supreme Court case on the dispute between Gibbons and Ogden. Thomas Gibbons had a federal license to operate steamboats in New York and Aaron Ogden had a NY state monopoly on steamboat operations. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons, believing that federal law was superior to state law, Congress had the authority to regulate commerce among states and internationally.
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
Johnson v McIntosh (1823) was a Supreme Court case on American Indian law. The case resulted in the federal government having the sole right to negotiate with Native American nations, private citizens cannot purchase land directly from Native Americans, and that Native Americans can only occupy the land, not owning it (no title).
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Cherokee Nation sought Supreme court for protection from Georgia's laws to take their land and independence; court ruled that the Cherokee Nation wasn't a "foreign nation" so they didn't have the power to sue in federal court. They were recognized as a "domestic dependent nation" that had to depend on the Federal government and follow federal laws. However that did not protect them from state encroachments, leading to relocation and the Trail of Tears.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Cherokee Nation was a self-governing nation under federal law. Samuel Worcester, a white Christian missionary, was convicted of violating a Georgia law that prohibited non-Native Americans from living on Cherokee territory. The Supreme Court ruled that the Georgia Law was unconstitutional and that Cherokee Nation was sovereign.
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France, expanding the territory of America. Jefferson believed that there were many benefits from expanding territory so he did so, despite the constitution not explicitly granting him the power to do so.
Patronage
Patronage is giving government jobs to political supporters. Jefferson does this durring his presidency, replacing federalists with republicans. However, this is not unconstitutional in the US.Washington’s
Washington’s Farewell Address
In Washington's farewell address, he warns against getting involved with international politics. Jefferson, during his presidency, did not follow this. Instead, he had conflicts with the British, French, and Barbary pirates.
Implied Powers
An implied power is a power that is not explicitly given in the constitution. Jefferson relied on implied powers to purchase Louisiana.
Strict Constructionist
A person who believes in the strict interpretation of the constitution, reducing federal power. Jefferson originally supported this approach, but changed during presidency.
Velvet Revolution
The velvet revolution refers to the peaceful transferring of power from Federalist John Adams to Republican Thomas Jefferson.
Marshall Court
Under Chief Justice Marshall, the Supreme Court gained federal power and established a judicial review
Barbary Pirates
Barbary pirates were pirates in the Mediterranean who imprisoned crew and seized ships. Rather than paying a bribe, Jefferson formed a navy and fought back, eventually succeeding. However, this was unconstitutional as Jefferson had no authority to declare war, only congress does.
Second Great Awakening (1820-1830)
A protestant religious revival that was characterized by preaching, religious camps, and revival. It inspired social reform (eg women’s rights movements), new religions, and increased interest in religion. Education was also promoted during this period.
Second Great Awakening Impact on Nationalism
Increased national interest in Christianity unified Americans and increased political participation.
Second Great Awakening Impact on Sectionalism
Different interpretations of religion led to divide. South used religion to justify slavery but North used religious morals against slavery.
American System
Government-sponsored economic development program by Henry Clay. It included tariffs on foreign goods, the establishment of a national bank, and federal subsidies to make internal improvements (transportation). This system encouraged domestic manufacturing and created a more interconnected economic system.
American System Impact on Nationalism
Economic growth and interconnectedness between different regions of America promoted nationalism.
American System on Sectionalism
The North benefitted from the protective tariffs but the South, who were reliant on exports, were disadvantaged as the cost of imported goods would increase.
Era of Good Feelings
A period in American history (around 1815-1825) was marked by national unity and political harmony. During this time, the Federalist party became less important and the Democratic Republican Party gained power.
Era of Good Feelings Impact on Sectionalism
During the Era of Good Feelings, disagreements on the role of the federal government and economic policies continued. Many people, especially Northerners, were also upset at the extension of slavery.
Era of Good Feelings Impact on nationalism
After the War of 1812, people were hopeful that America could come together.
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a war between America and Britain. They fought over British impressment, trade restrictions, Westward expansion, and the British support of Native Americans. The war ended in a stalemate. This war also exposed flaws in the US transportation and financial systems.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine opposed European colonialism in the entire Western Hemisphere. It also claimed that America would not be involved in European political affairs.
War of 1812 Impact on Nationalism
The stalemate that ended the War of 1812 led to increased nationalism.
Development of Artistic and Literary Culture
During this time, many Authors wrote stories with American themes (including nature, landscapes, and freedom). People had focus on democratic ideals and the frontier.
Art and Literature Impact on Sectionalism
Northern artists focused on industrial progress while Southern artists romanticized plantation life, leading to a divide.
Artistic and Literature Impact on Nationalism
Art and Literature contributed to nationalism through the development of an American culture. Democratic ideals and the frontier unified Americans across regions and created a sense of unity and pride.
Missouri Compromise and Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri, a region with many white slave-owners and enslaved people, wanted to apply for statehood. However, the Tallmadge Amendment banned the introduction of slaves into Missouri and freed slaves once they turned 25. This amendment threatened to break apart the United States, introducing the idea of a civil war. Missouri had a large population of enslaved people and wanted to apply for statehood. However the new Tallmadge Amendment meant that the slave-owners would have to give up their slaves. The Compromise of 1820 made Missouri a slave state, and created Maine as a free state. This way there would still be a balance of free and slave states in America. The compromise also stated that the Southern border of Missouri would separate future slave states from free states.
Missouri Compromise and Tallmadge Amendment Impact on Sectionalism
The Tallmadge Amendment was created to restrict slavery. The people in Missouri were against it amendment as it was a threat to their economic and political power. The Missouri Compromise temporarily resolved the issue, however the physical divide (through the Southern border of Missouri) furthered differences between Southerners and Northerners. This divide will only continue to worsen as the US expands Westward.
Market Revolution
A period of time (around 19th century) in the United States with significant social and economic change. It marked the beginning of the modern commercial, industrial economy.
Market Revolution Causes
Technological Advancements in transportation (canals), manufacturing (cotton gin) and communication
Westward Expansion
War of 1812 - Created the need for domestic manufacturing
Government Policy
Market Revolution Effects
Population Growth
Immigration - Germans moved Westwards while Irish began to work in factories
Wealth Disparity and new social hierarchy
Technological advancements
Urban growth and new cities
Americans system of manufacturing
Factory labor and system
Capitalism
Hourly wages
Leisure time based on work hours rather than seasons
Cult of Domesticity (didn’t affect lower-class women as they had to work in factories
Impacts of the Market Revolution on slavery during Antebellum period
The Market Revolution increased the demand for cotton, shifting slavery’s focus from tobacco to cotton.
Cotton Gin
The cotton gin was a piece of technology that automated the separation of cotton seeds from the cotton plant. This innovation removed the bottleneck of cotton separation. As a result, enslaved people had to pick even more cotton to meet increasing quotas.
The cost of cotton during the Market Revolution ___
decreased because enslaved people were forced to meet even higher quotas, increasing supply.
Reliance on slavery - North/Midwest
Northern states relied on slavery to produce enough cotton to manufacture into textiles. Midwestern states grew corn which they traded with the South for the cotton
Reliance on slavery - South
Southern state economies heavily relied on slave labor to fuel the cotton industry. They traded this cotton with the Midwest for food.
Resistance to Slavery
Enslaved people strongly resisted slavery. Music and religious gatherings were used to plan slave revolts such as Nat Turner’s rebellion. People also resisted slavery while working by stealing from their owners, hiding their families, pretending to be sick, and confronting the plantation owners. Many others also ran away.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Turner claimed that he had a religious vision. He gathered a group of 70 enslaved people and they killed 55+ people in plantations. They were eventually captured and hung but the rebellion led to panic in the South.
Jackson and Cherokee Nation
Jackson tries to relocate the Cherokee Nation to West of the Mississippi. They resist through a plethora of methods (eg assimilation, literacy, centralized gov). They eventually are forced to move through the Treaty of Echota.
Corrupt Bargain (Jackson and Adams) and the electoral college
The election between Jackson and Adams was tied in the electoral college. The House of Representatives chose Adams over Jackson. Clay convinced congress to choose Adams over Jackson. Jackson’s supporters called this the Corrupt Bargain. Jackson also wanted to eliminate the Electoral College.
Jackson and Bureaucracy
Jackson disliked the government bureaucracy, believing that loyalty was more important than merit. He replaced federal employees with his own supporters.
Jackson and National Bank
Jackson disliked the national bank, claiming that it was too powerful (monopoly) and was giving to much power to foreign countries. He got rid of the bank, leading to financial instability and political division.
Jackson and Nullification
Jackson was against nullification despite being a Southerner, believing that nullification was a threat to the union and that federal government should have power over the state government. Southern states resented tariff policies and believed that they were unconstitutional, leading to the nullification crisis. As a result, Jackson sent armed troops to enforce tariff collection.
Jackson and National Debt
Jackson paid off the national debt and made the US debt-free for the first and only time in US history.
Abolition Reform
Abolitionist movement wanted end of slavery in the United States, caused by moral concerns that stem from religion. Leaders include Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and William Lloyd Garrison. The movement led to regional tensions(sectionalism), abolition of slavery in 1865, and the civil rights movement in 20th century.
Frederick Douglass
Former slave who exposed slavery through his writings
William Lloyd Garrison
Published a newspaper with abolition ideals, founded American anti-slavery society
Harriet Tubman
Assisted with the underground railroad
Women’s Rights
The women's rights movement emerged alongside abolition. Supporters wanted equality and justice for women, the right to vote, education, own property, establish a career. Leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, and Susan B. Anthony. As a result, women gained access to education and property rights. However, significant change did not occur.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Established Seneca Falls Convention where the Declaration of Sentiments was written and signed.
Sojourner Truth
Delivered “Ain’t I a woman” speech
Temperance
Supporters wanted to reduce the increasing alcohol consumption. High alcohol consumption/intoxication impacted work efficiency, increased domestic violent, and increased poverty. Leaders of the moment include Lyman Beecher and Francis Willard. Many women were active members in this political movement, giving women positions in society. Religious beliefs also increased support for this moment.
Temperance Movement Controversy
Debates on personal freedom vs government control, national prohibition of alcohol
Lyman Beecher
Cofounded American Temperance Society which taught people to drink responsibly. Published 6 sermons on temperance
Francis Willard
Founded Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Asylum and Prison Reform
Reformers wanted improved treatment of people in prisons and asylums, believing that current asylums were inhumane. People like Dorothea Dix and Philippe Pinel were leaders in this movement. Despite their efforts, these reforms did not have signifiant effects as the lack of structure and funding meant that prisons/asylums quickly returned to their original treatment.
Dorothea Dix
American nurse who documented treatment in asylums to the general public, advocated for improvement in US and Europe
Philippe Pinel
French physician who found that mental illness were caused by psychological stress and was curable, not demonic possession. Humanization of mental health treatments
Utopian Communities
Reformers wanted ideal societies based on shared labor, equality, and other spiritual principles. People tried to do communal living. Little to no effect as most utopian societies failed within 2 decades.
Latter Day Saints/ Mormons
Joseph Smith creates mormonism. Very controversial at the time in New York and mormons are forced out for their beliefs on polygamy. However, the mormons were the only successful utopian society.
Shakers
simple communal living with celibacy and gender equality, failed
Revivalism and Religious Reform
The Second Great Awakening, a religious revival in the early 1800s, led to ideas of personal salvation, morality, and social activism. This inspired other reforms such as Abolitionism, temperance, and women’s role. New religious branches were established including Mormons, black-run churches, shakers, and more.
