Police Systems Final Review

Government

A political institution of the state that uses organization, bureaucracy, and formality to regulate social interactions

Society

The totality of networks and patterns of social interaction occurring between members of a bounded social group, including those interactions within organizations and institutions

Social Contract

The ideal relationship between government and society

An agreement to create the state and government to acquire security and order for the entire society

Under social contract, citizens will

surrender certain natural rights and vest the government with the power to maintain social stability and protect the interests of its members

In return to surrendering certain natural rights, what is expected in return from the government?

Members of a society expect the government to provide an effective system for regulating conduct and creating forums for resolving conflict

Conduct against the social good requires

political change, social control, and in some cases, formal sanctions

Social Controls

The collective practices by which a group attempts to ensure that individuals conform to the norms and values of the group

Informal Social Control

Individuals are socialized into internalizing the norms and values of these institutions

Examples of informal social control are:

Peers

Family members

Co-Workers

Religious leaders

Formal Social Controls

Use of sanctions for rule breaking

Attempts to control behavior; consequences

Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution

Affords American citizens certain rights and protections

1st Amendment

Citizens have the right to free speech, the right to peaceably assemble, and the right to protest governmental action

4th Amendment

protect citizens from illegal searches and seizures and the improper use of police force

5th Amendment

Protection from self incrimination protection/remain silent

The manners in which police officers obtain confessions and conduct lineups are addressed in which amendment?

5th Amendment

6th Amendment

guarantees suspects the right to legal counsel, speedy trial, impartial jury, aware of criminal charges, and confront witnesses

14th Amendment

due process. Helps ensure that police officers carry out their law enforcement role in a manner that protects citizens’ rights. Must not deprive an individual of life, liberty, and property unethically

Separation of powers

Our government would be divided into 3 branches with different roles, while checks and balances made the government “share power” between the branches to limit the power of each branch

What document created the three separate branches of government?

The U.S. Constitution

The Executive branch

Enforces the law

The Judicial branch

Interprets the law

The Legislative branch

Makes the law

Law

a binding rule that regulates conduct and provides sanctions for violations of its provisions

The law functions to:

Legitimize the existing social order and structure

Regulate social behavior

Curtail and define freedom

Provide a system of dispute and resolution

Four Types of Law

Substantive law

Procedural law

Civil law

Case law

Substantive Law

Governs how members of a society are to behave

Procedural Law

Court hears and determines what happens in a case. Goal is fairness

Civil Law

Non-criminal law. Covers divorce, property rights, contract, and conflict between two people

Case Law

Derived from past decisions made by the courts

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Provided guidelines relative to police searches

A case in which the Court decided that evidence obtained illegally may not be used against someone in a court of law by the Fourth Amendment

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Dictated when offices would advise suspects of their constitutional rights against self-incrimination

Tennessee v. Garner (1985) and Graham v. Connor (1989)

Provided additional requirements as to when police could use force in affecting arrests.

Styles of Police Departments

Watchman Style

Legalistic Style

Service Style

Watchman Style

Policing that emphasizes order maintenance and crime control

Legalistic Style

One in which authority is highly centralized or bureaucratic

Service Style

Emphasizes providing services to their residents

When was the FBI created? How many agents did it have?

1908; 35 agents

What are the top priorities of the FBI?

Protect the United States from terrorist attacks

Protect the U.S. against foreign intelligence operations and espionage

Protect the U.S against cyber based attacks and high technology crime

Combat public corruption at all levels

Protect civil rights

Combat transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises

Combat major white-collar crime

Support federal, state, county, municipal, and international partners

Upgrade technology to successfully perform the FBI’s mission

When was the Miscellaneous Division within the Internal Revenue Service created? How many agents?

1919; 162 agents

The Miscellaneous Division within the Internal Revenue Service was the first American law enforcement unit devoted to what?

Drugs

In what year and what president created the DEA?

1973; Richard Nixon

What is the oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States? When was it created?

The U.S. Marshals Service; 1789

The Judiciary Act of 1789 did what?

Establish the U.S. Marshals Service

Provided that each judicial district would have one marshal who would in turn select deputy marshals to assist him as needed

In what year were the Marshals given agency status?

1969

In what year did the Marshals service become a federal bureau?

1973

The President of the United States appoints each of the __ U.S. Marshals

94

There are more local police agencies than any other type of law enforcement agency. T/F?

True

These local agencies employ the fewest number of law enforcement officers. T/F?

False

The most common local police agencies are city or municipal police agencies. T/F?

True

Local Law Enforcement Agencies

Sheriff’s Departments

County Police Departments

Municipal Police Departments

Laws of Hammurabi

Contains nearly 300 clauses of laws that address 13 areas of Concern

Predated by the Code of Lipit-Ishtar

What is the primary difference between the Code of Lipit-Ishtar and the Laws of Hammurabi?

The primary difference between the two codes is that the Lipit-Ishtar does not contain the harsh sanctions associated with Hammurabi’s Code

The successful Egyptian dynasties established some form of what?

Police force

What was the primary functions of a police force in Egypt?

To regulate trade, ensure production of agriculture, and collect taxes

Like Mesopotamia, Egypt seemed to develop specialized police forces only when

it became politically organized and once a clear social stratification and an economic surplus developed that required control and redistribution

Kin-police

Defined as an age-old law enforcement system where each citizen and family unit shares the responsibility for upholding the law and order

Community members were also accountable for the actions of their extended family members

Greek City States depended on what to enforce order?

Kin-Police

Draco revised the legal system, giving rise to the term

Draconian

Draconian is defined as

excessively harsh and severe

Roman Empire

Derived power from army or legions

Roman Legions

Were made up of cohorts of heavy infantrymen and were led by a legate. They were also roman citizens serving.

Who was the first Roman ruler to implement a police force?

Augustus Caesar

Praetorian Guard

The imperial guard of the imperial roman army that served various roles for the roman emperor

Vigils

They were a permanent firefighter force and night patrol unit in ancient Rome. Duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves

The Praetorian Guard was eventually incorporated into what?

The legions and became nothing more than a military unit

When and where was the first modern police department created?

London; 1829

Who established the first modern police department?

Sir Robert Peel

Why were the police created in the first place?

To replace the parish constables and watchmen that had previously patrolled the streets

There were ___ constables

895

There were __ sergeants

88

There were __ inspectors

20

There were _ superintendents

8

There were _ commissioners

2

What was the goal of the London Police Force?

Prevent crime and pursue offenders

The creation of the London Metropolitan Police Force was

the result of efforts extending over a period of several years

The English were extremely resistant to police forces because

they were used to suppress or take rights away from the citizenry

The London Metropolitan Police Force came into existence as the result of

an evolutionary process consisting of efforts by a number of leaders and government officials

Leges Henrici

a legal treatise

Who issued the Leges Henrici, and in what year?

Henry I in 1116

The Leges-Henrici did what?

Served as foundation of today’s legal system

Established offenses against the crown

Created judicial districts

Separated crimes into felonies and misdemeanors

Henry II

Formed juries consisting of 12 men

and developed English Common Law

English Common Law

A legal system based on tradition and precedent set by judicial decisions

In the mid-1110s, the office of High Constable was created

The Office of High Constable

It was a high ranking military officer and the commander of the royal army

Who and when was the Magna Carta issued?

King John; 1215

What did the Magna Carta do?

Guaranteed basic civil and political rights

Limited the power of the English King and established the principle that the law is above the King.

Basically, it was a document that stated the King and his government are not above the law

Who and when was the Statute of Winchester issued?

Edward I; 1285

What did the Statute of Winchester do?

Passed to help reduce crime and improve law and order in medieval England

Required landowners to maintain a horse and armor for a knight

What did George II do in 1737?

Allowed the city council to levy taxes for the purpose of a paid watchman system

Henry Fielding

Appointed magistrate for the Bow Street area in 1748

What were Henry Fielding’s two contributions?

Able to advocate change and spread awareness about social and criminal problem facing London

Organized a group of six householders who agreed to serve as paid, regular constables. Bow Street Runners

Patrick Colquhoun

Appointed magistrate

Wrote A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis

Advocated a formal, structured police force

Developed a plan for a new river police force

Sir Robert Peel

Worked in Office of Home Secretary

Principles of Peelian reform

Municipal Corporations Act

County Police Act of 1839

Who introduced the Metropolitan Police Act?

Sir Robert Peel

What did the Metropolitan Police Act do?

Provided for a single authority that would be responsible for an area that covered approximately a 7-mile radius

When did the London Metropolitan Police force begin? How many officers in how many divisions?

September 29, 1829; 1,000 officers in 6 divisions

American Policing in Retrospect

Closely paralleled the development of policing in England

Early American Policing

Had little to do with crime control and was performed by volunteer citizens

Night Watches

Later became police departments

Slave Patrols

Helped maintain the economic order and assisted in recovering and punishing slaves

Constables

Surveyed land, checked weights and measures, served warrants, and meted out punishment