Apush unit 7.2 - 7.6

to study

William H. Seward

Influential Secretary of State under both Lincoln and Johnson... helped prevent GB and France from entering the Civil War on the Confederacy's side, led the drive to annex Midway Island in the Pacific, gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua, and purchased Alaska. Failed to annex Hawaii and purchase the Danish West Indies

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Queen Liliuokalani

In 1893, American settlers aided the overthrow of this Hawaiian monarch, before petitioning for Hawaii's annexation

Pan-American Conferences

In 1889, representatives from various nation of the Western Hemisphere decided to create a permanent organization to promote cooperation on trade and other issues... called because of James Blaine's repeated efforts

"New Imperialism"

Era of renewed interest in imperialism due to the conquest and division of many parts of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands by more industrialized nations... US also participated in this contest

Alfred Thayer Mahan

US Navy Captain who believed that the US needed to compete with the imperialistic nations or it would be sidelined as a second class power in world affairs... wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power.

Darwinism

The concept of survival of the fittest, applied to competition among COUNTRIES

Expansionists

People who wanted to acquire territories overseas

Josiah Strong

Wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, believed that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were the "fittest to survive." He believed that Protestant Americans had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of "superior" civilization to "less fortunate" peoples of the world.

"Jingoism"

Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive or warlike sentiment

Cuban revolt

Renewed struggle to overthrow Spanish rule by Cuban nationalists in 1895. Through sabotage and attacks on Cuban plantations, they hoped to either push Spain out or pull the US in as an ally. As a response, Spain sent the autocratic General Valeriano Weyler and 100,000 troops to crush the revolt. Weyler forced civilians into camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease.

"Yellow journalism"

Sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, scandal... actively promoted war fever in the US (think Pulitzer, Hearst, etc)

Sinking of the Maine

Less than one week after the de Lome letter made headlines, the US battleship Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board. The yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident.

Teller Amendment

Part of the joint resolution authorizing war with Spain that declared that the United States had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island , the Cuban people would control their own government

"A splendid little war"

Term that describes the Spanish-American War, on account of the fact that it only lasted ten weeks

The Philippines

After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their independence.

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Rough Riders

A regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt, they led a cavalry charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. They were aided in victory by veteran regiments of African Americans.

Puerto Rico

Located at the north east of the Caribbean Sea, the Peace Treaty signed in Paris after the Spanish American War provided for the US acquisition of this former Spanish territory

Guam

Americans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the war over Cuba. Americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on.

Treaty of Paris

The controversial treaty that ended the Spanish American War, provided for (1) recognition of Cuban independence, (2) US acquisition of two Spanish islands -- Puerto Rico and Guam -- and (3) US control of the Philippines in return for a $20 million payment to Spain

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader had fought alongside US troops during the Spanish American War. Now, he led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against US control. It took US troops about 3 years to defeat the insurrection and resulted in the deaths of about 5,000 Americans and several hundred thousand Filipinos

Anti-Imperialist League

Group led by William Jennings Bryan who objected to the Treaty of Paris / annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Insular Cases

A series of SCOTUS cases (1901-1903) regarding the annexation of the Philippines. The Court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress.

Platt Amendment 1901

In 1901, Congress made withdrawal of troops in Cuba conditional upon Cuba's acceptance of terms included in this amendment to an army appropriations bill. It required Cuba to agree (1) to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, (2) to permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence, and (3) to allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba

Spheres of influence

These were established in China by Russia, Japan, GB, France, Germany... they could all dominate trade and investment within a particular port or region of China and shut out competitors

Open Door Policy

A diplomatic note dispatched by John Hay to the nations controlling spheres of influence in China in order to prevent the US from losing access to the lucrative China trade. He asked them to allow all nations to have equal trading privileges in China.

Boxer Rebellion

In 1900, a secret society of Chinese nationalists--the Society of Harmonious Fists--attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries.

"Big stick" diplomacy

Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy was referred to by this term, as he acted boldly and decisively in a number of situations and attempted to build the reputation of the United States as a world power.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal... hundreds of laborers lost their lives in the effort

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its interests in South And Central America whenever and by using whatever means necessary

Russo-Japanese War

Imperialist rivalry betw Russia and Japan led to war in 1904, a war Japan was winning. To end the Conflict, Roosevelt arranged a diplomatic conference betw the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905.

"Gentlemen's agreement"

President Roosevelt arranged a compromise by means of an informal understanding due to Japan's discontent with the laws in CA that segregated schools for Japanese American children. The Japanese govt secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the US in return for Roosevelt persuading CA to repeal its discriminatory laws.

Great White Fleet

To demonstrate US naval power to Japan and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise. The ships made an impressive sight, and the Japanese govt warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's successor who adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the navy's battleships ... "dollar diplomacy"

"Dollar diplomacy"

Taft's policy of promoting US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad

Woodrow Wilson

In his campaign for president in 1912, this democratic candidate promised a New Freedom for the country, part of which was a moral approach to foreign affairs. He said he opposed imperialism and the big stick and dollar diplomacy policies of his Republican predecessors.

Pancho Villa

After the fall of Huerta, the new govt in Mexico was challenged almost immediately by a band of rebels loyal to this man. Hoping to destabilize his opponent's govt, he led raids across the US-MX border and murdered several people in TX and NM.

"Expeditionary force"

In March, 1916, Pres Wilson ordered General Pershing and this to pursue Villa into northern MX. They failed to capture Villa.

Lincoln Steffens

United States muckraking journalist. Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title "Shame of the Cities" and "Tweed Days in St Louis". His articles helped make the magazine a success.

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power (author of "The History of the Standard Oil Company")

Jacob Riis

A muckraker---one of the first photojournalists who published photos exposing the horrific conditions of tenement life ("How the Other Half Lives")

Secret ballot

Massachusetts was the first to adopt this system of issuing ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark their choices secretly within a private booth

Robert LaFollete

A Progressive political leader of the Republican party, this governor of Wisconsin was elected in 1900. He limited campaign spending, He created a commission to regulate railroads and utilities so they wouldn't overcharge customers, He created a commission to oversee transportation, civil service & taxation.

Direct primary

New system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters introduced by La Follette

Direct election of U.S. Senators

Under the original constitution, senators were chosen by direct election rather than direct vote of the people. Progressives believed this was why the senate became millionaires. Therefore, they advocated for them to directly be elected, and many states adopted this reform.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Initiative, referendum, recall

Amendments to state constitutions which forced polititians to obey the will of the people---offered voters (1) a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill and (2) a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots. A third Progressive measure enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired.

"Wisconsin idea"

La Follette won passage of this series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and businesses such as insurance.

Temperance and prohibition

A progressive movement that pushed for the ban of alcohol and the shutting down of saloons... this issue sharply divided reformers.

National Child Labor Committee

Proposed model state child labor laws that were passed by 2/3 of the states by 1907.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

This 1911 fire in a NYC high-rise garment factory killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. The tragedy sparked greater women's activism and pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories.

"Square Deal"

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Trust-busting

Roosevelt increased his popularity by being the first president to try to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act. He directed his attorney general to take antitrust action against Standard Oil and more than 40 other large corporations.

"Bad trusts" & "good trusts"

While trust-busting, Roosevelt made a distinction between breaking up trusts which harmed to public and stifled competition and regulating trusts which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market

Elkins Act 1903

Under this act passed by Congress under Roosevelt, the ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers.

Hepburn Act 1906

Under this act, the ICC could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

The Jungle

Muckraking book by Upton Sinclair that described in horrifying detail the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry... the public outcry following its publication caused Congress to enact two regulatory laws in 1906.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle,' exposing meatpacking industry.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs.

Meat Inspection Act

Provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Conservation

Roosevelt enthusiastically championed protecting and preserving the nation's natural resources and the environment

Mann-Elkins Act 1910

Gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Socialist party

Political party that called for public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and major industries such as oil and steel... founded by Debs

Eugene V. Debs

Former railway union leader, he became a socialist while in prison for supporting the Pullman Strike... He was the party's candidate for president in five elections.

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own progressive party known by this name. His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive plan during the Election of 1912 that included more govt regulation of business and unions, more social welfare programs, and women's suffrage.

New Freedom

Wilson's plan during the Election of 1912 that would limit both big businesses and big govt, bring abt reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small businesses.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff substantially lowered tariff rates for the first time in over 50 years and included a gradual income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent.

Federal Reserve Board

Wilson proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by this seven-member board appt by the pres that would set member banks' reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act's power to break up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, this new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Federal Trade Commission

An agency that was to protect consumers by investigating and taking action against any "unfair trade practice" in any industry except banking and transportation. (Those two industries were already regulated by other agencies.)

Child Labor Act 1916

Long favored by settlement house workers and labor unions alike, this law prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old. However, a conservative SCOTUS found this act to be unconstitutional.

Booker T. Washington

The leader of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, argued that Black youths' needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance, and that they should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages. Only after est a secure economic base, he said, could Black Americans hope to realize their other goals of political and social equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard and become a distinguished scholar and writer. In his book, "The Souls of Black Folk", he criticized Washington's approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans. He argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

On Lincoln's birthday in 1908, Du Bois, other members of the Niagara Movement, and a group of white Progressives founded this organization with a mission to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for Black children. By 1920, it was the nation's largest civil rights organization.

National Urban League

Formed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to adjust to northern cities. The league's motto, "Not Alms But Opportunity," reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

In 1900, Carrie Chapman Catt became the new president of this organization that campaigned vigorously for women's voting rights.

Alice Paul

A militant suffragist who broke from NAWSA to form the National Woman's Party. From the beginning, she focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.

National Woman's Party

Militant suffragist group founded by Alice Paul, they focused on gaining the vote for women through mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

League of Women Voters

Carrie Chapman Catt organized this civil organization dedicated to keeping women voters informed about candidates and issues.

Margaret Sanger

Advocated birth-control education, especially among the poor

Neutrality

President Wilson's first response to the outbreak of WW1 was to declare this. He called upon the American people to support his policy by not taking sides, but he found it was hard to do this and not favor either the Allied and Central Powers and still protect US trading rights.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia during WW1.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire of Turkey during WW1.

Submarine warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Luisitania

The first major challenge to the U.S. neutrality came in 1915 when this British passenger line was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 Americans on board were killed. Wilson stated that the Germans would be held accountable for the American casualties in a strongly worded message.

Sussex Pledge

After a German torpedo struck an unarmed merchant ship injuring several American passengers, Wilson threatened to sever ties, so Germany promised America to stop sinking merchant or passenger ships without due warning.

Propaganda

Britain commanded the war news that was cabled daily to US newspapers and magazines. Fully recognizing the importance of influencing US opinion, the British govt made sure the American press was well supplied with stories of German soldiers committing atrocities in Belgium and the German-occupied part of eastern France.

Zimmermann Telegram

The British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US

Russian Revolution

Applying the principle of moral diplomacy, Wilson wanted the war to be fought for for a worthy purpose: the triumph of democracy. It bothered him that one of the Allies was Russia, a nation governed by an autocratic czar. The barrier to US participation was suddenly removed when Russian revolutionaries overthrew the czar's govt and proclaimed a republic.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI. The first US troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the British and French lines, but by the summer of 1918, as American forces arrived by the hundreds of thousands, these forces assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the Western Front.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. By 1918, the American Expeditionary Force assumed one segment of this area.

"Peace without victory"

During the war, Woodrow Wilson never lost sight of his ambition to shape the peace settlement when the war ended. He said the US would insist on THIS.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW1. It included these terms: (1) to punish Gemany, (2) territories controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allied Powers (application of self-determination), (3) signers joined the League of Nations to preserve peace