AP PSYCH CRRUM

Psychology is derived from

physiology (biology) and philosophy

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Psychoanalytic

study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues

Psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Behavorial

learned, reinforced

Humanistic

free will, choice, ideal, actualization

cognitive

perceptions, thoughts

Evolutionary

genes

Biological

Brain, NTs

Sociocultural

society

Biopsychosocial

biological, psychological, sociocultural

Mary Calkins

First female president of the APA

Charles Darwin

natural selection and evolution

Dorothea Dix

Reformed mental institutions in U.S.

Stanley Hall

1st president of APA 1st journal

William James

Father of American Psychology - functionalist

Wilhelm Wundt

father of modern psychology

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Christine Ladd-Franklin

1st female psychologist

basic research

purpose is to increase knowledge

applied research

purpose to help people

psychologist

research or counseling - MS or PhD

psychiatrist

prescribes medicine and diagnoses

experiment advantages

researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect

expirement disadvantages

difficult to generalize

independent variable

manipulated by the experimenter

dependent variable

measured variable

expiremental group

receives treatment

control group

placebo, baseline

placebo effect

show behaviors associated with the exp. group when having received placebo

double-blind procedure

experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

single-blind experiment

only the patient or the assessor is blinded

operational definition

clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication

confound

error/flaw in study

random assignment

assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation

random sample

method for choosing participants - minimizes bias

Validity

accurate results

Reliability

same results every time

naturalistic observation advantage

real world validity

naturalistic observation disadvantage

no cause and effect

Correlation Advantages

identify relationships between two variables

Correlation Disadvantages

No cause and effect

positive correlation

variables increase and decrease together

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

3rd variable problem (lurking variable)

diff. variable is responsible for relationship (breast implants and suicide)

illusory correlation

belief of correlation that doesn't exist

Case Study Advantages

studies one person in great detail

Case Study Disadvantages

no cause and effect

descriptive statistics

shape of the data

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

mean

average

median

middle

Mode

most frequently occurring score

inferential statistics

establishes significance

statistical significance

results not due to chance

Confidentiality

names kept secret

Ethical Guidelines (APA)

confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception, no harm

Debriefing

must be told the true purpose of the study

Neuron

basic cell of the nervous system

Dendrites

receive incoming signals

Soma

cell body

Axon

AP travels down to this

myelin sheath

speeds up signal down axon

Terminals

release NTs - send signal onto next neuron

Vesicles

sacs inside terminal contain NTs

Synapse

gap between two neurons

action potential

movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon

all or none law

stimulus must trigger the AP past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response (flush the toilet)

refractory period

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another AP

sensory neurons

receive signals

afferent neurons

accept signals

motor neurons

send signals

efferent neurons

signal exits

Interneurons

cells in the spinal cord through which reflexes travel without going to the brain

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

periphrial nervous system

rest of the NS

somatic nervous system

voluntary movements

autonomic nervous system

involuntary

sympathetic nervous system

arouses the body for fight/ flight

parasympathetic nervous system

established homeostasis after a sympathetic response

Neurotransmitters

chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Dopamine

reward and movement

Serotonin

moods and emotion

Acetylcholine (ACh)

memory

Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine

sympathetic NS arousal

Endorphins

pain control

oxytocin

love and bonding

agonist

a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects

Antagonist

a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter

Reuptake

Unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron.

Hindbrain

oldest part of the brain

cerebellum

movement and balance

Medulla

vital functions

Pons

sleep and arousal

midbrain

reticular formation

reticular formation

alertness

Forebrain

higher thought process