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431-404 Peloponnesian War
Phase 1 431-421 The archidamian war
Phase 2 Peace of Nicias 421-413
Phase 3 Ionian War 412-404
The Fallings of Empire
First Sparta, then Thebes, and even Athens try to gain hegemony
Persia+Powerbroker
Easy come easy go alliances
Warfare becomes more specialized
Full time elite units at Thebes and in League of Arcadian cities
New Athenian Sea League (377)
To the north the sleeping giant of Macedonia stirs
Sparta as Imperial Power 404-387
404 Sparta defeats Athens with Persian money
Spartan rule harsh
399 Sparta at war with Persia
395-387 Corinthian War
Athens Thebes and Corinth join Persia vs Sparta
387 King’s peace
Fall of Sparta and Thebes, Rise of Macedon
377 Athens found Second Sea League
371 Thebes defeats Sparta at Leuctra
370 Epaminondas invades Laconia and frees Messenia
362 Battle of Mantinea causes death of Emaninondas
350 Phillip II becomes king of Macedon
356 Birth of Alexsander-
Macedon
No polises
Powerful noble class
Farmers/pastoralist
Macedon rich in gold, silver, timber, and manpower
Vulnerable border
Imitated Greek culture
Phillip II and Macedonian monarchy
King absolute but also first among equals
Institutionally weak
Only 2 kings prior to Philip died of natural causes
Tension with Athens over control of coastal citites
Constant threats from barbarian neighbors
In 360 Philip’s older brother killed in battle with 4000 troops
Philip takes throne as Athenians, Illyrians among others were set to invade
Philip’s military reforms
Developed seige warfare, torsion catapults and corps of engineers
Specially trained light rmed troops for scouting and skirmishing
New equipment for heavy infantry
Enormous spear up to 18 feet
Small shield hung around neck
Used cavalry as striking arm
Set up a second elite corps of Foot Companions
Philip solidifies hold on throne
Uses diplomacy to persuade Athens and Thrace to back off
Smashed Illyrians and other invaders
Alliance via marriage wit Molossians
Grabs Greek cities in SW Thrace
Controls Macedonian barons
Became power in Greek world by intervening in dispute between Thessalian cities
Then takes sides in dispute between Phocis and Thebes
Philip becomes master of Greece
353 Philip elected archon of Thessalian cities
Athenians worried about route to Black Sea but do nothing
Demosthenes, Arthenian orator tries but fails to rouse Athens to action
Philip exploits Greek rivalries
Demosthenes patches together Greek alliance
Philip defeats Greek army in 338 in Boetia at the town of Charioneia
Philip and Persia
After Chaeronea Philip deals harshly with Thebes but gently with Athens
League of Corinth invades Persia
Greek cities of Ionia in Persian hands since 387 BC
336 Philip sent advance force across to Asia to secure toehold
336 Philip assassinated by bodyguard at wedding of daughter while in procession in theater at Aegae
Alexander acclaimed king by army