Tudors- H7 1485-1509

Lovell Conspiracy

-1486

-Prominent Yorkist supportors Francis Lovell and Humphrey stafford conspire against Henry

-Henry found out they were planning a rebellion and Lovell fled to Flanders under the protection of Magaret of Burgundy

-Stafford brothers led a rebellion in Worcester while the King was on his Northern progress. however the brothers fled to culham abbey as henry advanced to worcester

- Henry sent reinforcements to culham abbey to remove the stafford brother. humphrey was executed

Yorkshire Rebellion

-1489 rebellion was sparked by parliamentary tax that was authorized by Parl to fund H7 military expedition to Brittany

-yorkshire most northerly country to pay tax and they had suffered bad harvests that year

- took 8000 troops led by earl of surrey to defeat the rebels outside of York.

-Egremont fled to flanders but other rebels were not punished. Henry did not get any more of the tax

Lambert Simnel

1486-1487

-pretended to be earl of warwick and was supported by Margaret of Burgundy who supported him by sending 2000 mercenaries.

- crowned edward in Dublin cathedral

- H7 paraded real Earl of Warwick through the street of london

- his 8000 men were easily defeated by H7 12000

- forgiven and given job as the royal falconer

Cornish rebellion

-1497

-H7 ordered a loan of £120,000 to be repaid by general taxation. supposed to pay for a military offensive against Scotland who was supporting Perkin Warbeck

-An Gof and Thomas Flamank led rebellion. 15,000 rebels marched via Exeter, Salisbury and Winchester to Kent

-Queen Elizabeth, Lady Margaret and the royal children were moved into tower of london

-An Gof and flamank were hanged drawn and quartered with their body parts dismembered and showcased around disloyal towns

Perkin Warbeck

1491-99

-impersonated Richard IV

-received support of Charles VII at french court however after Treaty of etaples in 1492, he moved to flanders where he had support of Margaret of Burgundy

- gained support of HRE maximillian who recoginsed him as Richard IV but he was unable to support him financially

response to perkin warbeck

- in 1493 h7 imposed a trade ban with burgundy over harboring him

- the trade in wool and cloth was the most important for england and vital for england's economy

- tries to return in 1497 to capitalise on cornish rebellion but is unsuccessful and put into tower of london in 1499 where he was executed

edmund de la pole

- had a genuine claim to the throne

- H7 tried to pay maximillian 10k to get him back but max took it and did nothign

- philip o fburgundy tried to use H7 insecurity about him to force trade concessions from england but in january 1505 henry responded by suspending all trade between the two countries

H7 response to edmund de la pole

- H7 suspended all trade with burgundy in january 1505

- Philip took 138k from henry in return he surrended him in 1506

-paraded theough streets of london and imprisoned in tower

acts of attainder

- Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey fought against Henry at Bosworth and in March 1486, he was imprisoned and attainted. He swore an oath of allegiance in January 1489 and his lands were slowly returned as a reward for good service.

- Edward IV passed more (140) than Henry (138). Henry cancelled more (46) than Edward IV (42). However, Henry often attached harsh payments and conditions when he reversed attainders. Thomas Tyrell had to pay £1,738. Henry also passed more attainders as his reign went on.

Bonds and recognisances

- Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, was not trusted by Henry. In 1492, he had to pay a recognisance of £1,000 and find others who would give recognisances worth £10000 on his behalf.

-By 1499, Grey had proven his loyalty to Henry and these were cancelled.

-Between 1485 and 1509, 36 out of 62 noble families gave bonds and/or recognisances to Henry. There was only one in the whole of Yorkist rule.

feudal dues

- Katherine Dowager, Duchess of Buckingham fined £7,000 in 1496 for marrying without the King's licence. Her son, Edward, Duke of Buckingham was fined £7,000 in 1498 for claiming his inheritance without licence, before he was 21.

-Proceeds from wardship and marriage increased from £350 in 1487 to £6,000 in 1507.

retaining

1506, Lord Burgavenny fined £70,550, even though this was scaled down and divided amongst 26 others, it was still a huge fine.

patronage

-Jasper Tudor made Duke of Bedford, restored to his Welsh estates, Earl of Derby kept control of Lancashire and Cheshire. All rewarded for supporting Henry before the Battle of Bosworth.

- Earl of Shrewsbury, Giles Daubeney (promoted to peerage), Reginald Bray land over 18 counties, worth more than £1000 a year,

order of the garter

. 37 appointed, including Giles Daubeney and Reginald Bray.

Great Council

Meetings of noblemen called together by the king to discuss matters of state.

The idea was that if they had been consulted, nobles couldn't turn against the King and criticise the policy.

Called in 1487 (Lambert Simnel threat), 1496 (loan of £120,000 for war in Scotland).

benovelences

In 1491, Henry got a benevolence (forced loan) of £48,500 to take his army to France.

Treaty of Medina del Campo

- 1489

- gave H7 recognition of foreign power for his legitimacy as a ruler. created new gold coin with him wearing an imperial crown, showing that he was more confident

0 both agreed to intervene if either country found itself at war with France

- reduced tariff between country

- Arthur and catherine to be married even though dowry is set at 40k

The Castillian Succession crisis

-1504-06

- isablla of castille died and left castille to daughter joana which seperated aragon and castille and ended the union of spain

- Joanna married to philip of burgundy and wanted castille but ferdinand of aragon wanted it. H7 decides to support philip

- henry negotiotiates cancellation of 138k debt of philip for return of edmund de la pole

- philip dies and ferdinand takes over castille

- England alliance with spain is squandered due to henry judgment and as a result henry is isolated from european politics by 1508

Auld Alliance

-1295, ancient alliance between scotland and france was biggest threat to england as they could be attacked on two fronts

Truce of Ayton

signed in 1497 after warbecks execution and it became a full peace treaty

Treaty of Perpetual Peace

1502

- treaty of ayton fromalised into this and significant as no peace treaty between scots and england since 1328

-treaty sealed with h7 daughter margaret to james IV in 1503

- border raids still occured, for example the border reivers gangs continued to have an active position between the borders between the two countries.

- james IV was also builidng up his army as he funded new harbour in new haven in May 1504

perkin warbeck

-james gave him a royal welcome and married him to his cousin lady catherine gordon

- by sep 1496 he ammased an army of 2500 men and had 14 ships

- he fialed to gain support in england and when H7 offerd terms of potential truce, james took up on it

Intercursus Magnus

• Henry placed an embargo on trade with Burgundy between 1493-1496 when Margaret of Burgundy gave support to Perkin Warbeck.

• The embargo ended in 1496 with Intercursus Magnus. This agreement allowed English merchants to sell their goods

wholesale anywhere in Phillip's lands (except Flanders) without paying tolls or customs.

• Henry suspended trade with Burgundy in 1505, as they refused to return Edmund de la Pole.

Intercursus Malus

-1506

negotiated when Philip was shipwrecked in England at the mercy of Henry and was therefore very favourable towards England.

•stated:

- Edmund De La Pole would be returned, so trade could continue

- Removal of all duties on English cloth exports without reciprocity

• Burgundian merchants detested the terms of the Malus Intercursus, as they were overtly advantageous to the English merchants. Intercursus Malus was therefore never implemented. Instead, Intercursus Magnus was renewed in June 1507.

breton crisis

- french wanted to take control of the brittany -HRE and spain sent support to brittany and henry unofficially sent a small force of 500 men but their armies were defeated in july 1488 and duke of britaany was killed with france taking contrl

-H7 signed treaty of redon in feb 1489 where he sent 6000 troops to fight for breton indeendece and anne of brittany agreed to pay for campaign and not marry without Henry's permission

- Spanish and HRE make peace behind Henry's back and brittany is forced to marry Charles Vii in decemebr 1491 which leaves england in emabrrassing position

- two days of fighting with only 12 wounded at bolougne

treaty of etaples

-1492

• Promised a £159,000 French pension for Henry. This amounted to 5 percent of royal income.

• In 1497 Henry negotiated the renewal of the treaty with France, which removed all restrictions on Anglo-Franco trade.

• The French promise not to support Perkin Warbeck

• Negated the Auld Alliance (anti-English alliance between France and Scotland)

Italian Wars

-1504-1509

Invasion led to the Holy Roman Emperor and Spain wanting England to provide support and join the attack on France.

• Henry honoured the Treaty of Etaples and stayed out of the Italian wars, resulting in Henry losing the trust of Maximillian

(HRE) and worsening their relations.

• This meant he distanced himself from major European powers making England more vulnerable to future threats of war.

• The members of the Holy League went on to make great territorial gains. For example, The Holy League came to an

agreement which provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy with Maximillian, in particular,

regaining control of major areas including Gorizia, Trieste, Merania and Eastern Istria.

• Although England was isolated from France's other alliances and leagues, the members still supported Henry and the

league did not threaten any of England's interests