APUSH TEST

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the U.S.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons born in U.S.

15th Amendment

Prohibited denying voting rights based on race.

3/5 Compromise

Counted slaves as 3/5 for population representation.

Abolitionism

Movement calling for the end of slavery.

Abolitionist Movement

Campaign to end slavery in the United States.

Adam-Onis Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to the US in 1819.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Allowed deportation of noncitizens and restricted criticism.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Organization promoting abolitionist ideas in the North.

American Exports

Potatoes, maize, and gold shifted European economies.

American National Identity

Expressed through art, literature, and architecture.

American Revolution's Impact

Influenced gender roles and slavery debates in society.

American System

Clay's plan for internal improvements and tariffs.

American Temperance Society

Advocated for complete abandonment of alcohol.

Anglicanization

Process of American colonies becoming more English-like.

Anti-Federalists

Advocated for state power and opposed strong central government.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. constitution, failed due to weak federal government.

Bank War

Conflict over the national bank's influence on wealth.

Bartolome de La Casa

Advocated for recognition of Native humanity.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point bringing French alliance against Britain.

Battle of Yorktown

Final battle leading to American independence.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments ensuring individual liberties.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict over slavery in Kansas territory.

Boston Massacre

Incident escalating tensions between colonists and British.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against tea taxes, leading to Coercive Acts.

British Colonization Drivers

Economic prosperity and social mobility sought by settlers.

British Impressment

Seizing colonial men for British Navy service.

British West Indies

Focused on year-round agriculture and cash crops.

California Gold Rush

1848 event that spurred westward migration.

California's Status

Designated as a free state in the Compromise.

Caste System

Social hierarchy based on race and ancestry.

Chattel Slavery

Justification of enslaved individuals as property.

Checks and Balances

System ensuring no branch dominates the others.

Chesapeake Region

Dominated by Jamestown, focused on wealth extraction.

Christopher Columbus

Sponsored by Spain, initiated European competition.

Classical Revival Architecture

Incorporated columns and domes into American buildings.

Coastal Settlements

Permanent communities due to abundant resources.

Coercive Acts

Laws punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Colonial Society

Combination of English traditions and unique American identity.

Colonization Goals

Gold, God, and Glory defined European expansion.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, diseases between Old and New Worlds.

Common Sense

Pamphlet advocating for American independence by Paine.

Compromise of 1850

Attempt to resolve slavery debate over new territories.

Confederate States of America

Government formed by seceding Southern states.

Constitutional Convention

Gathering to address weaknesses in Articles of Confederation.

Cotton Gin

Machine that revolutionized cotton processing efficiency.

Covert Resistance

Maintaining customs and beliefs against oppression.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideal emphasizing women's roles in home and family.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American colonies' independence in 1776.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document outlining demands for women's rights.

Democratic-Republicans

Opposed federal consolidation of power.

Discovery Corps

Explorers like Lewis and Clark commissioned by Jefferson.

Disease Impact

Smallpox and measles devastated Native populations.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court ruling legalizing slavery in territories.

Elastic Clause

Allows Congress to pass laws beyond enumerated powers.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's order freeing slaves in Confederate states.

Encomienda System

Forced Native labor on plantations and mines.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing natural rights and social contracts.

Enslaved African Labor

Foundation of colonial economies, especially in the Caribbean.

Era of Jefferson

Political debates and territorial expansion marked this period.

Erie Canal

Waterway enhancing trade and regional interdependence.

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities formed by immigrants preserving cultural identity.

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities preserving immigrant cultures in America.

European Imports

Wheat, rice, cattle transformed American diets.

European Motivations

Political shifts and luxury demand drove exploration.

Federalism

Power sharing between federal and state governments.

Federalist Papers

Essays promoting and explaining the Constitution's principles.

Federalists

Supported strong central government during Constitution debate.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival led by Jonathan Edwards and Whitefield.

French and Indian War

Conflict leading to British victory and land gains.

French Revolution

Inspired by American ideals of freedom and leadership consent.

French/Dutch Colonization

Focused on trade, less on permanent settlements.

Fugitive Slave Law

New law enforcing return of escaped slaves.

German Immigrants

Became homesteaders in America, seeking land.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's speech emphasizing unity and freedom.

Great Compromise

Established bicameral legislature balancing small and large states.

Great Plains Lifestyle

Nomadic hunter-gatherers reliant on buffalo.

Haitian Revolution

Event that heightened fears of slave uprisings.

Haitian Revolution

Slave-led uprising against French colonial rule.

Hartford Convention

Federalists proposed New England's secession from the Union.

Henry Clay

Key figure in crafting the Compromise of 1850.

House of Burgesses

Virginia assembly for law and tax legislation.

Immigration Surge

Increased population in Eastern manufacturing centers.

Increasing Mistrust

Colonial resentment towards British policies and governance.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law forcing Native Americans from their lands.

Irish Immigrants

Settled in urban centers during the 19th century.

Iroquois Longhouses

Communal living structures made of timber.

John Adams

Established early foundations of American foreign policy.

John Brown's Raid

Attempted revolt against slavery at Harpers Ferry.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Argued natives benefited from harsh labor conditions.

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to interpret the Constitution.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 law allowing popular sovereignty on slavery.

King George's War

Conflict reflecting colonial resistance to British rule.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party opposing immigrant cultural influence.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group terrorizing African Americans post-war.

Land Perception

Europeans viewed land as commodity, Natives as spiritual.

Loose Constructionism

Interprets the Constitution by its spirit.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition raising constitutional interpretation issues.

Loyalists

Colonists loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War.