2.1&2.2 aice hist

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Germany must accept war guilt (Article 231), pay reparations to Allies, lose colonies and territories, limit army to 100,000, and demilitarize the Rhineland.

Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919)

Recognized independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia; Austria forbidden to unite with Germany; military limited to 30,000.

Treaty of Trianon (1920)

Hungary lost two-thirds of territory and 60% of population; lands given to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia; army reduced and reparations imposed.

Treaty of Neuilly (1919)

Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia; required to pay reparations; army limited to 20,000.

Treaty of Sèvres (1920)

Divided Ottoman territories between Britain, France, and Greece; established Middle East mandates; replaced by Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Dissatisfaction and Its Consequences

Many countries were dissatisfied with the post-war settlements, leading to grievances such as harsh reparations and territorial losses.

Ruhr Crisis (1923)

Germany defaulted on reparations payments, leading to France and Belgium occupying the Ruhr; resulted in hyperinflation due to excessive money printing.

German Hyperinflation

In 1923, excessive money printing during the Ruhr occupation caused currency collapse and destroyed savings.

Dawes Plan (1924)

A U.S.-backed plan that stabilized the German economy by restructuring reparations.

The Corfu Incident (1923)

Italy occupied Greek island of Corfu following the assassination of an Italian official; League mediated settlement.

Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922)

Aimed at naval arms reduction and Pacific security; included key treaties like the Five Power Treaty.

Five Power Treaty

Agreement between U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to limit naval construction in a 5:5:3 ratio.

Four Power Treaty

Agreement among U.S., Britain, Japan, and France to consult on Pacific disputes.

Nine Power Treaty

Affirmed China's sovereignty and Open Door Policy.

Genoa Conference (1922)

Goal was to discuss European economic recovery and reparations; resulted in little progress.

Treaty of Rapallo (1922)

Restored diplomatic relations between Germany and Soviet Russia, canceled financial claims, and promised cooperation.

Reparations

Payments from defeated powers to cover war damages.

War Guilt Clause

Germany took full blame for WWI (Article 231).

Self-Determination

The principle that nations should govern themselves.

Mandate System

Former colonies administered by League members.

Passive Resistance

Non-violent protest during the Ruhr occupation.

Hyperinflation

Extreme devaluation of currency in Germany (1923).