history Final Exam Material

Pax Romana

peaceful time during and after Augustus’s rule, lasted for about 200 years, 

Fall of Rome

 Rome’s Economy Weakens, Rome's military fell to a decline because its soldiers became less discipline and loyal

Middle Ages/Dark Ages

Historians call the period following the fall of Rome the Middle Ages or Dark Ages. 

The period started in 500 AD and lasted until 1,500 A.D

It was a time of Feudalism and increased warfare, isolation, a decline in learning, and the growth in the power and wealth of the Catholic church

Aksum is Based on the blending of which two cultures?

Port city of Adulis- Persia, India, and the Roman Empire crowded Aksum’s chief seaport, Adulis which is near present-day Massawa. The port city of Adulis was particularly cosmopolitan.

Legacies of Aksum

Aksum Becomes Christian

* Aksum created their own written language called Ge’ez
* They invented coins made out of bronze, copper, and silver
* They had many cultural achievements and created a new agricultural system
* Terraces-increased productivity of their land it was a steplike ridges constructed on mountain slopes, helped the soil retain water and prevented its being washed downhill in heavy rains.

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Decline of Aksum

Islamic Invaders

Aksums kingdom fell to its decline because of the Islamic invaders 

Islamic invaders conquered a lot of territory in the Mediterranean world

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Significance of Mecca to the founding of Islam

The Arabian Peninsula was a place where many Christians and Jews lived they practiced monotheism

Muhammad was born in Mecca

The Spread of Islam

Jihad- A concept that says they can fight to protect Islam using force to help with the spread of Islam. This idea of using force to defend and spread islam. That is how islam spread to places like africa the middle east and spain

Trade routes also helped with the spread of ideas 

The Five Pillars

The five pillars are faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

The Qur'an

Qur’an was the holy book of the Muslims

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The Qur’an was written in Arabic, and Arabic became the language of worshipers and scholars.

The Sunna

 a model for the best proper living

Sharia Law

The four rightly guided caliphs were elected based on using sharia law Muhammed examples and the Quran in their leadership. 

Umayyads and Abbasids

When Ali the 4th caliphate  was killed the Umayyads took control. The Umayyads moved the capital to Syria because its hard to rule the empire from Mecca since its so large. The Abbasids from Baghdad revolted against the Umayyad family and killed them

The Abbasids revolted took control and moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq 

The Abbasids rule was known for their strong Bureaucracy and golden age

Sunni-Shiite Split

Shiites thought Ali was the successor 

Sunnis thought Abu Bakr was the true successor 

rightly guided caliphs

After Abu-Bakr, the next caliphs all knew Muhammad

The Qur’an was a book to help guide the new caliphs

Uthman and Ali the next caliphs helped expand the Muslim territory

Caliphate

rightly guided caliphs

Caliph

a successor or deputy

Muslim class system

The upper class included those who were Muslims at birth. 

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* Converts to Islam were in the second class. 
* The third class consisted of the “protected people” and included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. 
* The lowest class was composed of slaves.

Muslim Golden Age

The Abbasids rule was known for their strong Bureaucracy and golden age

House of Wisdom

In the early 800s, Caliph al-Ma’mun opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center called the House of Wisdom.

Calligraphy in Islamic civilization

They were not allowed to draw pictures of gods so they did calligraphy to express their creativity

The move of the capital from Mecca to Damascus to Baghdad

The capital was originally in Mecca but then the Umayyad family took control and moved the capital to Damascus then The Abbasids revolted took control and moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq

Trade in the Muslim Empire

* Market towns helped with local, regional, and long-distance trade goods.
* Trade routes in Arabia were very beneficial for merchants 
* Merchants from, Byzantine and Sassanid were able to move along the caravan routes to trade 
* They traded goods through the Silk Roads from Yemen to the west
* Trade routes also helped with the spread of ideas 

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Genghis Khan

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What were their skills and military innovations and technologies?

Temujin, “universal ruler” of the Mongol clans, led them in conquering much of Asia, brilliant organizer, gifted strategist, used cruelty as his biggest weapon

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Major outcome and significance of Mongol rule. 

* Established Yuan Dynasty, period of peace and prosperity
* United china, opened china to foreign contact and trade
* Builds capital at Beijing 

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Pax Mongolica

Mongol peace, imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia, guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another

The Four Khanates (four regions of their empire)

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* Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China
* Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia)
* Khanate of the Ilkhanate (Persia)
* Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
* Each ruled by a descendant of the great Khan 

Han Dynasty

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the civil service systems was started by the Han dynasty

What did Japan borrow culturally from China

Interest in Buddhism

Adopted Chinese system of writing and painted landscapes in a Chinese manner

Cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and hairdressing

Which religious beliefs were practiced in Japan?

Buddhism

Ashoka

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Chandragupta Mauryans grandson last Mauryan Empire

Gupta Golden Age achievements

The Silk Road had a major impact on India’s golden age. The silk road allowed India to spread new ideas such as religion and helped India's economy prosper with trade. Buddhism spread to the east in China along the silk road and Hinduism mostly in India spreads to southeast asia. Silkroad allowed traders to bring silk from China to western Asia and then on to Rome. This allowed Indians to be middlemen in trading and profited off of it. They also built trading stations along the Silk Roads located at Oases-fertile spots in a desert area

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Griot

storytellers who would tell the history of West Africa to parent to child passing the history from generation to generation

Nok

In the Nok culture they used iron to make tools and weapons that helped with farming,hunting, and trade

Aztecs

a Mesoamerican civilization that built a city on a lake. They were known for large scale human sacrifice and having a powerful military/government comprised of tribute states. 

Mayans

a Mesoamerican civilization. They were known for their writing system, developing a calendar system, and their pyramid structures.

Incas

located in Peru. Largest empire of the Americas. Socialist system. Location of Machu Picchu.

Quetzalcoatl

"feathered serpent" God of Toltecs and Mesoamerican peoples.