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Pax Romana
peaceful time during and after Augustusās rule, lasted for about 200 years,
Fall of Rome
Romeās Economy Weakens, Rome's military fell to a decline because its soldiers became less discipline and loyal
Middle Ages/Dark Ages
Historians call the period following the fall of Rome the Middle Ages or Dark Ages.
The period started in 500 AD and lasted until 1,500 A.D
It was a time of Feudalism and increased warfare, isolation, a decline in learning, and the growth in the power and wealth of the Catholic church
Aksum is Based on the blending of which two cultures?
Port city of Adulis- Persia, India, and the Roman Empire crowded Aksumās chief seaport, Adulis which is near present-day Massawa. The port city of Adulis was particularly cosmopolitan.
Legacies of Aksum
Aksum Becomes Christian
Aksum created their own written language called Geāez
They invented coins made out of bronze, copper, and silver
They had many cultural achievements and created a new agricultural system
Terraces-increased productivity of their land it was a steplike ridges constructed on mountain slopes, helped the soil retain water and prevented its being washed downhill in heavy rains.
Decline of Aksum
Islamic Invaders
Aksums kingdom fell to its decline because of the Islamic invaders
Islamic invaders conquered a lot of territory in the Mediterranean world
Significance of Mecca to the founding of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula was a place where many Christians and Jews lived they practiced monotheism
Muhammad was born in Mecca
The Spread of Islam
Jihad- A concept that says they can fight to protect Islam using force to help with the spread of Islam. This idea of using force to defend and spread islam. That is how islam spread to places like africa the middle east and spain
Trade routes also helped with the spread of ideas
The Five Pillars
The five pillars are faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage
The Qur'an
Qurāan was the holy book of the Muslims
The Qurāan was written in Arabic, and Arabic became the language of worshipers and scholars.
The Sunna
a model for the best proper living
Sharia Law
The four rightly guided caliphs were elected based on using sharia law Muhammed examples and the Quran in their leadership.
Umayyads and Abbasids
When Ali the 4th caliphateĀ was killed the Umayyads took control. The Umayyads moved the capital to Syria because its hard to rule the empire from Mecca since its so large. The Abbasids from Baghdad revolted against the Umayyad family and killed them
The Abbasids revolted took control and moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq
The Abbasids rule was known for their strong Bureaucracy and golden age
Sunni-Shiite Split
Shiites thought Ali was the successor
Sunnis thought Abu Bakr was the true successor
rightly guided caliphs
After Abu-Bakr, the next caliphs all knew Muhammad
The Qurāan was a book to help guide the new caliphs
Uthman and Ali the next caliphs helped expand the Muslim territory
Caliphate
rightly guided caliphs
Caliph
a successor or deputy
Muslim class system
The upper class included those who were Muslims at birth.
Converts to Islam were in the second class.
The third class consisted of the āprotected peopleā and included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.
The lowest class was composed of slaves.
Muslim Golden Age
The Abbasids rule was known for their strong Bureaucracy and golden age
House of Wisdom
In the early 800s, Caliph al-Maāmun opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center called the House of Wisdom.
Calligraphy in Islamic civilization
They were not allowed to draw pictures of gods so they did calligraphy to express their creativity
The move of the capital from Mecca to Damascus to Baghdad
The capital was originally in Mecca but then the Umayyad family took control and moved the capital to Damascus then The Abbasids revolted took control and moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq
Trade in the Muslim Empire
Market towns helped with local, regional, and long-distance trade goods.
Trade routes in Arabia were very beneficial for merchants
Merchants from, Byzantine and Sassanid were able to move along the caravan routes to trade
They traded goods through the Silk Roads from Yemen to the west
Trade routes also helped with the spread of ideas
Genghis Khan
What were their skills and military innovations and technologies?
Temujin, āuniversal rulerā of the Mongol clans, led them in conquering much of Asia, brilliant organizer, gifted strategist, used cruelty as his biggest weapon
Major outcome and significance of Mongol rule.
Established Yuan Dynasty, period of peace and prosperity
United china, opened china to foreign contact and trade
Builds capital at Beijing
Pax Mongolica
Mongol peace, imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia, guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another
The Four Khanates (four regions of their empire)
Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China
Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia)
Khanate of the Ilkhanate (Persia)
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
Each ruled by a descendant of the great Khan
Han Dynasty
the civil service systems was started by the Han dynasty
What did Japan borrow culturally from China
Interest in Buddhism
Adopted Chinese system of writing and painted landscapes in a Chinese manner
Cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and hairdressing
Which religious beliefs were practiced in Japan?
Buddhism
Ashoka
Chandragupta Mauryans grandson last Mauryan Empire
Gupta Golden Age achievements
The Silk Road had a major impact on Indiaās golden age. The silk road allowed India to spread new ideas such as religion and helped India's economy prosper with trade. Buddhism spread to the east in China along the silk road and Hinduism mostly in India spreads to southeast asia. Silkroad allowed traders to bring silk from China to western Asia and then on to Rome. This allowed Indians to be middlemen in trading and profited off of it. They also built trading stations along the Silk Roads located at Oases-fertile spots in a desert area
Griot
storytellers who would tell the history of West Africa to parent to child passing the history from generation to generation
Nok
In the Nok culture they used iron to make tools and weapons that helped with farming,hunting, and trade
Aztecs
a Mesoamerican civilization that built a city on a lake. They were known for large scale human sacrifice and having a powerful military/government comprised of tribute states.
Mayans
a Mesoamerican civilization. They were known for their writing system, developing a calendar system, and their pyramid structures.
Incas
located in Peru. Largest empire of the Americas. Socialist system. Location of Machu Picchu.
Quetzalcoatl
"feathered serpent" God of Toltecs and Mesoamerican peoples.