Unit 1 Flashcards

cetacean

order of mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpises

pinnipeds

group of mammals that includes seals, sea lions, and walruses

cerro ballena

a chilean late micone archeological site with the remains of cetaceans and pinnipeds

magnetoreception

using the earth’s magnetic field to get around

echolocation

locating objects throught the reflected sound

upwelling

a rising of nutrient-rich water from the deep to the ocean surface

phytoplankton

unicellular, photosynthetic organisms that are the basis for many marine food webs

zooplankton

slightly larger phytoplankton that consume regular phytoplankton for sustenance

mesoplankton

plankton that are too deep below the surface to produce energy from sunlight

trophic levels

how far away an organism is from the start of the food chain (the autotroph)

bacteria

a unicellular microorganism with cell walls but no organized nucleus

detrius

dead organic matter

algal blooms

the rapid frowth of algae in ecosystems

harmful algal blooms

algal blooms that naturally produce harmful toxins or have harmful effects on the ecosystem

dinoflagellates

single-celled, photosynthetic protists that are primary producers in a lot of marine ecosystems

neurotoxin

a poison that acts on the nervous system

brevotoxin b

compoind made by the dinoflagellate karina brevis that binds to the nerve cell’s sodium channels and disrupts neurological systems

voltage-gated sodium channelsl

proteins on neurons that brind sodium ions into the body to conduct the electrical signalling of cells (affected by brevotoxin b)

agonist

a substance that causes a physical response when combined with a receptor

biomagnification of toxins

toxins in an ecosystem that have a greater effect on organisms on the higher end of the ecosystem

bioaccumulation

toxins build up in organisms at rate’s faster than they can dispel it

limiting factors

enviornmental conditions (biotic and abiotic) that limit or precent the growth of a species

geoengineering

deliberate large-scale manipulation of an environmental process as a way of reversing the effects of climate change

procession

gradual change in the orientation of Earth’s axis of rotation

procession of equinox

historical name for procession that described the equinoxes moving westward

axial procession

gravity-induced, slow and ocntinuous change in the orientation of a body’s rotational axisa

biotic

biological factors/influences/organisms rather than physical factors (phytoplankton, fish, seagrass)

abiotic

physical factors/influences rather than biological factors (temperature, weather, sun)

domoic acid

neurotoxin that binds to glutamate receptors and stimulates them (which causes seizures)

virus

collection of proteins, nucleic acid, and a membrane that requires a host to survive

phylogeny

the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or froup of organisms

capsid

protein structures in ciruses that contain DNA/RNA

antibiotics

medication that inhibits the growth of microorganisms, specidically bacteria

glycoproteins

proteins on the surface of a virus’s membrane that identifies and binds to the receptor signts on the host’s membrane

virion

complete virus that is rendered ineffective because it is not attached to a host cell

naked virus

term for a virus without an envelope and proteins

glycosylation

a carbohydrate bings to a protein to be processed by the cell

mutation rate

the number of nucleotide changes per generation

dsDNA

double stranded DNA

ssDNA

single-stranded DNA

mismatch repair

a process that occurs right after DNA is made to repair mis-matched bases

viroids

infectious pathofens made of single-stranded, circular RNA

virions

complete, inefective form of virus outside of a host cell with proteins on the surface

membrane fusion

two membranes merge into each other

endocytosis

a living cell takes in matter by forming a vacuole in the membrane

retrovirus

virus that insert their RNA genome into the hose

ACE2

protein receptor on a cell membrane that binds to spike porteins

TMPRSS2

modifies the protein attached to the ACE2 receptor so it can be brought into the cell

Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serepin)

inhibits/antagonizes serine proteases, such as TMPRSS 2

Reverse Transcriptase

DNA polymerase that transcribes single-stranded RNA to DNA

Reverse Transcription

Enzyme-mediated sunthesis of a DNA molecule from an RNA templeate

Endogenous Retrovirus

Elements in the genome that closely resembles and can be derived from retrovirusesL

LINES

long pieces of DNA that have been put in the genome by foreign agents, like retroviruses

SINES

short piects of DNA that have been put in the genome by foreign agents, like retroviruses

zoonosis

ingectious diseases transmissable under specidic, natural conditions between vertebrae animals and humans

anthroponoses

diseases transmitted from humans

direct transmission

involves transmission of a pathogen through physical/close contact

indirect transmission

the transmission of the pathogen through a vector

vector

any agent who carries out and transmits an infectious pathoen to another living organism

spillover event

a pathogen in a reservoir population comes into contact with a novel host population

reservoir population

one or more epidemiologically connected populations wherein the pathogen can be maintained

novel host

host population that receives the pathogen from the reservoir population

zoonotic spillover

spillover from an infected population of animals

anthroponotic spillover

spillover from an infected population of humans

spill-back

transmission of a pathogen from a human population to an animal population

naive population

a population that lacks the immunity to protect against a disease

encephalitis

inflammation of the active tissues of the brain caused by an infection

horizontal gene transfer

non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes

chimera virus

a new hybrid virus that is the result of joining genetic fragments from different viruses

immunosuppression

diseases or conditions that inhibit a body’s immune system and their way to fight back against other diseases

artiodactyla

taxa of hooved animals that bear weight evenly on the third and fourth toe

cetartidactyla

taxa that includes whales, dolphins, and even-toes ungulated

biodiversity

the number of species in a habitat

“fast-lived” species

species that have shorter lifespans and faster reproduction rates

epithelial cells

cells that line the organs in your body and function as a protective barrier

pap smear

a test for cerviccal cancer that involves collecting cells from the cervix

cytopathology

the field of cancer diagnoses

HeLa

immortalized human cells found in a cluster of cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks

commensal

an organism that uses food supplies in the internal or external environment of the host, without forming a close association

oncogenic

causes development of a tumor or tumors

dna hybridization assay

comprises any form of quantifiable hybridization of two strands of nucleic acid that can detect hpv

coevolution

the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

neanderthals

ancient human population that occupied europe

denisovans

ancient human population that occupied asia

genetic introgression

the gradual transfer of genetic material between specie

microevolution

evolutionary changes within a species over a short period of time

macroevolution

major evolutionary changes that refers to the evolution of a whole taxanomic group over a long period of time

evolution

a change in the genetic compositions of a populations over successive generations

genetic variation

difference in dna between individuals or differences between populations of the same species

population genetis

the study og the genetic differences within/among populations

neutral genetic markers

a non-coding region with no affect that are used to study population genetics

evolutionary factors

factors that force evolution to occur

genetic drift

random fluctuations in gene frequencies that usually occur very quickly

gene flow

movement of genes across populations

mutations

change in the structure of a gene that causes variation

non-random mating

mating between neighbors or between those with similar characteristics

natural seleection

variation in fitness

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

a theoretical equilibrium when a population or species no longer experiences evolutionary change

hardy-weinberg equation

a mathematical theory that describes no change in allele frequency over a period of time

hardy-weinberg principle

allele/genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation if there aren’t evolutionary influences