Abnormal Psychology Finals (Barlow & Durand)

heterosexual behavior

Sexual activity with members of the opposite gender.

homosexual behavior

Sexual activity with members of the same gender

sexual dysfunction

Sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex.

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Dysfunction in which a man feels distress from having little or no sexual interest.

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Recurrent inability in some women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity.

erectile disorder

Recurring inability in some men to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity.

delayed ejaculation

Disorder in which a man achieves orgasm only with great difficulty.

female orgasmic disorder

Recurring delay or absence of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, relative to their prior experience and current stimulation. Also known as inhibited orgasm (female).

premature ejaculation

Recurring ejaculation before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation.

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Sexual dysfunction in which a woman experiences pain or difficulty with penetration during intercourse; may include vaginismus.

vaginismus

Recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse

paraphilic disorders

Sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals

frotteuristic disorder

Paraphilic disorder in which the person gains sexual gratification by rubbing against unwilling victims in crowds from which they cannot escape

fetishistic disorder

Long-term, recurring, intense sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behavior that involve the use of nonliving, unusual objects and that cause distress or impairment in life functioning.

voyeuristic disorder

Paraphilic disorder in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked.

exhibitionistic disorder

Sexual gratification attained by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

transvestic disorder

Paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite sex

sexual masochism

Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with experiencing pain or humiliation.

sexual sadism

Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting pain or humiliation

pedophilia

Paraphilia involving strong sexual attraction toward children.

incest

Deviant sexual attraction (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically

covert sensitization

Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them.

orgasmic reconditioning

Learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation.

gender dysphoria

Psychological dissatisfaction with biological gender, a disturbance in the sense of identity as a male or female. e primary goal is not sexual arousal but rather to live the life of the opposite gender.

gender nonconformity

A phenomenon in which pre-pubescent children do not identify with their biological sex, but instead identify strongly with the gender of the opposite sex and display varying degrees of behavior more characteristic of the opposite sex.

sex reassignment surgery

Surgical procedures to alter a person's physical anatomy to conform to that person's psychological gender identity.

substance-related and addictive disorders

Range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. ese are extremely costly in human and financial terms

impulse-control disorders

Disorders in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse.

alcohol-related disorders

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with alcohol use and abuse.

alcohol

By-product of the fermentation of yeasts, sugar, and water; the most commonly used and abused depressant substance.

psychoactive substances

Substances, such as drugs, that alter mood or behavior.

substance abuse

Pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations.

substance use

the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning.

substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder

Brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet. substance-induced psychotic disorder Psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins

tolerance

Need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount.

physiological dependence

a state of physical dependence on a drug caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry

withdrawal

Severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance.

withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens/DTs)

Frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol.

substance dependence

Maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. Also known as addiction.

stimulants

Psychoactive substances that elevate mood, activity, and alertness, including amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine.

depressants

Psychoactive substances that result in behavioral sedation, including alcohol and the sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs.

opiates

Addictive psychoactive substances such as heroin, opium, and morphine that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction).

hallucinogen

Any psychoactive substance such as LSD or marijuana that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception.

other drugs of abuse

Other substances that are abused but do not fit easily into one of the common categories including inhalants, anabolic steroids, and other over-the-counter and prescription medications

gambling disorder

Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination. It may be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Pattern of problems including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical laws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victim's mother when she was pregnant with the victim.

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Enzyme that helps humans metabolize alcohol. Different levels of its subtypes may account for different susceptibilities to disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome.

benzodiazepines

Antianxiety drugs including Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, and Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), they show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when the drug is discontinued.

barbiturates

Sedative (and addictive) drugs including Amytal, Seconal, and Nembutal that are used as sleep aids.

amphetamine

Stimulant medication used to treat hypersomnia by keeping the person awake during the day, and to treat narcolepsy, including sudden onset episodes, by suppressing rapid eye movement sleep.

cocaine

Derivative of coca leaves used medically as a local anesthetic and narcotic; often a substance of abuse.

caffeine use disorders

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of caffeine.

cannabis use disorders

A problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.

marijuana (Cannabis sativa)

Dried lowers and leaves of the hemp plant; a hallucinogen that is the most widely used illegal substance.

tobacco-related disorders

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine.

opioid use disorders

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic variants.

opiates

Addictive psychoactive substances such as heroin, opium, and morphine that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction).

LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide)

Most common hallucinogenic drug; a synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot.

hallucinogen

Any psychoactive substance such as LSD or marijuana that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception.

hallucinogen use disorders

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of hallucinogenic substances

agonist

Chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects.

agonist substitution

Replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist. Used as a treatment for substance dependence

nicotine

Toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco leaves.

nicotine patch

Patch placed on the skin that delivers nicotine to smokers without the carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Somewhat more successful than nicotine gum because it requires less effort by the wearer and delivers the drug more consistently; should be coupled with counseling to stop smoking and avoid relapse.

antagonist

In neuroscience, a chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter.

antagonist drugs

Medications that block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs

controlled drinking

An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation.

relapse prevention

Extending therapeutic progress by teaching the client how to cope with future troubling situations

intermittent explosive disorder

Episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property.

kleptomania

Recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value.

pyromania

An impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires.

personality disorders

Enduring maladaptive patterns for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress.

paranoid personality disorder

Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent

schizoid personality disorder

Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions.

schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.

psychopathy

Non-DSM-5 category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. Indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics.

antisocial personality disorder

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

borderline personality disorder

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.

dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

Promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior.

histrionic personality disorder

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

narcissistic personality disorder

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

avoidant personality disorder

Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.

dependent personality disorder

Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person's pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

schizophrenia

Devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.

catatonia

Disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation. Sometimes accompanies psychotic disorders or mood disorders.

hebephrenia

Silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia.

paranoia

People's irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm

dementia praecox

Latin term meaning "premature loss of mind," an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence. Called démence précoce in France.

associative splitting

Separation among basic functions of human personality (for example, cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

psychotic behavior

Severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality

psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition

Condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor.

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

negative symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.

delusion

Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.

hallucinations

Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present

negative symptoms

Less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia.

avolition

Apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities.

anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders.