rop midterm all slides

The ancient Egyptians

first physicians, first to have recorded records on stones

The ancient Chinese

belief in needing to cure the spirit in order to heal the body. Practiced primitive acupuncture therapies

Ancient greeks

physicians were noble, sacred temples of healing, the first to study causes of disease,

Hippocrates

father of medicine

The romans

developed sanitation

average lifespan in dark ages and middle ages

20-35 years

What was the renaissance to medicine

rebirth of learning

Leonardo de Vinci

studied anatomy, Vitruvian man

William Harvey

described the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart 

Gabriele Fallopious

discovered fallopian tubes of the female anatomy

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

invented the microscope

Apothecaries

early pharmacies

Quackery

mass death from childbirth fever

Edward Jenner

method of vaccination for smallpox

Benjamin Franklin

invented glasses

Gabriel Fahrenheit

created first mercury thermometer in 1714

Louise Pasteur

discovered pasteurization, father of microbiology, and rabies vaccine

Ignaz Semmelweis

figured out how childbirth fever spread through nasty gloves

Joseph Lister

began using antiseptics

Gregory Mendel

established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns

Robert Koch

Discovered many disease-causing organisms. Developed the culture plate method, isolated bacterium that causes TB 

William Roentgen

x-rays

Clara Barton

founded red-cross

Florence Nightingale

mother of modern medicine

Marie Curie

isolated radium

Sigmund Freud

basis of psychology

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Jonas Salk

Polio Virus

Francis Crick and James Watson

discovered DNA structure

gross anatomy

anatomy you can see

sagittal plane

left and right divided

frontal plane

divides back and front

Transverse plane

divides top and bottom

posterior and dorsal cavitty

towards the back

Cranial Cavity

holds the brain

Spinal Cavity

surrounds the spinal cord

anterior and ventral body cavity

front

Thoracic Cavity

houses the heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains abdominal (stomach, digestive tract, liver) and pelvic cavity (reproductive and excretory organs)

oral cavity

located within in the mouth

nasal cavity

inside the nose

orbital cavity

holds the eyes

middle ear/tympanic cavity

in the skull the ear

Epithelial tissue

forms the outer skin

connective tissue

Located in bones, tendons and fat tissue. Binds, supports and connects body tissues

Nerve tissue

Located throughout the body, sends impulses to/from the CNS and body systems

cardiac muscle tissue

heart muscle contracts heart

smooth muscle tissue

internal organs

skeletel/striated

throughout the body, mostly skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons

• Skeletal System

Functions: supports body, protects organs, produces blood cells

Muscular System

Functions: moves the body, pumps the heart, controls body openings

• Lymphatic System

• Functions: Returns body fluids to the bloodstream, immune functions 

• Respiratory System                                                           

• Functions: Delivers O2 and removes CO2 from the blood

• Digestive System

• Functions: Breaks down foods for absorption of nutrients

• Urinary System                          

• Kidneys, bladder                                           Functions: Removes nitrogen-containing wastes       

• EndocrineSystem                                                                                              

• Endocrine glands       Functions: Secretes hormones                    

• Nervous System

• - Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors Functions: Memory, emotions, cognition, receives sensory input 

• Cardiovascular System-

• Heart, blood vessels                               Functions: Transports O2 and nutrients to body’s cells 

• Reproductive System

• - Male: testes, scrotum, penis.
  Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina                                                                        Functions: Enables production of offspring

• Integumentary System

• layers of skin                                            Functions: Protects, regulates body temp, eliminates waste

kinetics

analysis of the action of forces

force

a push or pull acting on a structure

net force

summation of all forces on a structure

Mass

quantity of matter in an object

Weight

a force of gravitational acceleration and mass

pressure

amount of force distributed on a given area

Torque

when a force causes a structure to rotate

compression

a squeezing force

tension

opposite of compression, tensile force is a pulling force that creates tension in the objectsh

shear force/

act along the surface and perpendicular to the length of a structure

combined loads

when multiple forces act as one

bending

a loading pattern created by a combination of off center forces

torsion

a loading pattern that causes a structure to twist

combined loading

the simultaneous action of two or more types of forces

elastic response

when a force is removed and a structure reverts to its original size and structure

general hsopitals

Treat a wide range of conditions and age groups and typically offer diagnostic, medical, surgical and emergency services

-Specialty hospitals:

Provide care for special conditions or age groups (ie- children’s hospitals, oncology hospitals, psychiatric hospitals) 

-Government hospitals

: Operated by federal, state, and local govt agencies, including facilities that provide care for service personnel (ie- VA hospitals for Veterans, state psychiatric hospitals)

-University/College Medical Centers

: Provide hospital services along with research and education- can be govt or privately funded

Long Term Care Facilities (LTCs/LTCFs)

- Mainly provide assistance and care for elderly patients, usually called residents. Can also provide care for individuals with disabilities or chronic/long term illness. 

-Residential care facilities

- (“nursing homes” or “geriatric homes”) provide basic physical and emotional care to individuals who can no longer care for themselves and help with activities of daily living

-Extended Care Facilities/Skilled Care Facilities

- provide skilled nursing care to prepare patients for return to home environment or other long-term care facility 

Independent Living and Assisted Living Facilities

Allow individuals who can care for themselves to rent or purchase an apartment in the facility. Provide services such as meals, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, social events, and basic medical care (ie- assisting with medication)

Medical Offices/Dental Offices

- private practices or large complexes that operate as corporations and employ many doctors/health care workers 

Clinics

• Surgical Clinics 

• Urgent care/Rapid care clinics

• Health Dept Clinics (sexual health services, immunizations etc)

• Specialty Clinics (ie- dialysis)

• Rehabilitation Clinics

Ambulatory care/clinics

Serving patients who are able to walk, several physicians with different specialties may combine their practices 

School health services

- schools and colleges. Emergency care in the event of accident or sudden illness, perform health tests/screenings

Home health care agencies

- provide care in a patient’s home, frequently used by elderly and disabled 

Rehabilitation centers- 

therapies for loss of function in mobility or daily living activities

tele-health

audio/video appts

hospices

end of life care

government agencies

VA hospitals, Public Health Dept, state psychiatric hospitals, state university medical centers, CDC, FDA, WHO, county clinics and county hospitals

Not-for-Profit Agencies

- American Red Cross, American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, March of Dimes 

Preventative care

routine physicals, immunizations, well-baby care, screenings, health education programs, nutrition, exercise

Primary care providers

Routine medical care from family and general practice physicians, NPs, PA. May refer patients to specialists

Emergency Care/Urgent Care

Emergency care for life-threatening conditions and urgent care for non-emergencies that require prompt treatment

Therapeutic

services provide care over time

diagnostic

used to identify a particular condition or disease

informational

services documents and processes information

criminal law

punishing people for committing crimes against the state