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metabolism
total chemical reactions of an organism
metabolic pathway
pathway that begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, each step being catalyzed by a specific enzyme
anabolic pathway
consume energy by building complex molecules ← simpler molecules via dehydration, protein formation, and “uphill” rxn
catabolic pathway
release energy by breaking down complex molecules → simpler compounds via hydrolysis, cellular respiration, and “downhill” rxn
kinetic
active motion, “motion” measured as temp
potential
stored potential, “position”
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed
second law of thermodynamics
entropy always increases, causing chemical rxns to result in products w/ more entropy/disorder and less usable energy (spontaneous)
catabolic
metabolic processes that break down molecules to release energy
anabolic
metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy
exergonic
spontaneous reaction where energy is released; products have less potential energy than it’s reactants
endergonic
reaction that requires energy to occur, not spontaneous; product has more potential energy than it’s reactants
entropy
change in free energy
delta g
spontaneous
chemical rxns are this if they proceed w/o any continuous external influence and no additional energy is needed
non-spontaneous
chemical rxn needs energy to proceed
dehydration
taking away water
hydrolytic
involving or produced by hydrolysis
reaction rate
greater temperature makes this happen faster
ATP
cellular currency, composed of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups, powers cellular processes
energy coupling
cells manage energy resources this way by using exergonic processes to drive an endergonic process, being mediated by ATP; these types of rxns are exergonic
phosphorylation
this is how ATP drives endergonic rxns, transferring phosphate group to reactant
oxidation
loses a proton and has lower potential energy
reduction
gains a proton and has higher potential energy
enzymes
a catalytic protein, do NOT change overall free energy needed for a reaction to proceed BUT they do catalyze rxns by lowering the activation energy needed
substrate
the reacant an enzyme acts on
active site
region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
allosteric site
temp ph
these two factors greatly impact the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
cofactor
inorganic ions that reversibly interact with enzymes; metal ions
coenzyme
organic molecules that interact with enzymes; electron carriers like NADH and FADH2
competitive enzyme inhibitor
bind to the active site of an enzyme to compete with the substrate
non-competitive enzyme inhibitor
bind to another part of the enzyme to make the enzyme change shape and make the active site less effective
allosteric regulator
used to speed up or slow down enzyme activity
enthalpy
the potential energy of the molecule (heat content)
