bsc2010 chapter 8 energy and enzymes

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35 Terms

1

metabolism

total chemical reactions of an organism

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2

metabolic pathway

pathway that begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, each step being catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3

anabolic pathway

consume energy by building complex molecules ← simpler molecules via dehydration, protein formation, and “uphill” rxn

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4

catabolic pathway

release energy by breaking down complex molecules → simpler compounds via hydrolysis, cellular respiration, and “downhill” rxn

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5

kinetic

active motion, “motion” measured as temp

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6

potential

stored potential, “position”

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7

first law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed

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8

second law of thermodynamics

entropy always increases, causing chemical rxns to result in products w/ more entropy/disorder and less usable energy (spontaneous)

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9

catabolic

metabolic processes that break down molecules to release energy

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10

anabolic

metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy

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11

exergonic

spontaneous reaction where energy is released; products have less potential energy than it’s reactants

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12

endergonic

reaction that requires energy to occur, not spontaneous; product has more potential energy than it’s reactants

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13

entropy

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14

change in free energy

delta g

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15

spontaneous

chemical rxns are this if they proceed w/o any continuous external influence and no additional energy is needed

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16

non-spontaneous

chemical rxn needs energy to proceed

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17

dehydration

taking away water

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18

hydrolytic

involving or produced by hydrolysis

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19

reaction rate

greater temperature makes this happen faster

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20

ATP

cellular currency, composed of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups, powers cellular processes

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21

energy coupling

cells manage energy resources this way by using exergonic processes to drive an endergonic process, being mediated by ATP; these types of rxns are exergonic

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22

phosphorylation

this is how ATP drives endergonic rxns, transferring phosphate group to reactant

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23

oxidation

loses a proton and has lower potential energy

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24

reduction

gains a proton and has higher potential energy

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25

enzymes

a catalytic protein, do NOT change overall free energy needed for a reaction to proceed BUT they do catalyze rxns by lowering the activation energy needed

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26

substrate

the reacant an enzyme acts on

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27

active site

region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

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28

allosteric site

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29

temp ph

these two factors greatly impact the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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30

cofactor

inorganic ions that reversibly interact with enzymes; metal ions

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31

coenzyme

organic molecules that interact with enzymes; electron carriers like NADH and FADH2

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32

competitive enzyme inhibitor

bind to the active site of an enzyme to compete with the substrate

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33

non-competitive enzyme inhibitor

bind to another part of the enzyme to make the enzyme change shape and make the active site less effective

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34

allosteric regulator

used to speed up or slow down enzyme activity

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35

enthalpy

the potential energy of the molecule (heat content)

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