Respiratory_management_and_mechanical_ventilation

What percentage of atmospheric air is made up of oxygen?

21%.

What is the target SaO2 range for clients receiving supplemental oxygen?

95% to 100%.

What is a common low-flow oxygen delivery system?

Nasal cannula.

What is the FiO2 range for a nasal cannula?

0.24 to 0.44.

What are some advantages of using a nasal cannula?

Safe, easy to apply, comfortable, and allows the client to eat, talk, and ambulate.

What are some disadvantages of a nasal cannula?

FiO2 varies with flow rate and client's breathing; extended use can lead to skin breakdown.

What oxygen delivery device covers the client's nose and mouth?

Simple face mask.

What is the FiO2 range for a simple face mask?

0.40 to 0.60 at flow rates of 5 to 10 L/min.

What are the disadvantages of using a simple face mask?

Can cause rebreathing of CO2 at low flow rates; poorly tolerated by anxious clients.

What is the purpose of a partial rebreather mask?

Allows the client to rebreathe some exhaled air to increase FiO2.

What are some potential disadvantages of a nonrebreather mask?

Complete deflation of the reservoir bag can lead to CO2 buildup; poorly tolerated by anxious clients.

What is the FiO2 range for a nonrebreather mask?

0.80 to 1.00 at flow rates of 10 to 15 L/min.

How does a Venturi mask deliver oxygen?

By mixing specific amounts of air with oxygen through different sized adapters.

What is the advantage of using a Venturi mask?

Delivers the most precise oxygen concentration.

What is a potential disadvantage of a Venturi mask?

It is more expensive compared to other masks.

What is required when using high-flow oxygen delivery systems?

They must be properly fitted to deliver precise amounts of oxygen.

What is a T-piece used for in oxygen therapy?

Delivers high humidity oxygen to clients with tracheostomies.

What are early manifestations of hypoxemia?

Tachypnea, tachycardia, restlessness, pale skin.

What are late manifestations of hypoxemia?

Confusion, cyanosis, bradypnea, bradycardia.

What should be done to prepare a client for oxygen therapy?

Explain all procedures and position the client to facilitate breathing.

What are the nursing actions to monitor oxygen therapy?

Monitor respiratory rate, rhythm, effort, lung sounds, and SaO2.

What is oxygen toxicity?

A condition resulting from high concentrations of oxygen over long periods.

What nursing intervention should be performed to avoid oxygen toxicity?

Use the lowest level of oxygen necessary to maintain prescribed SaO2.

What machines can provide noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP).

What is a complication of mechanical ventilation related to lung damage?

Barotrauma, caused by excessive positive pressure.

What is the function of mechanical ventilation?

To provide breathing support until lung function is restored.

What is a common nursing consideration for endotracheal intubation?

Ensure resuscitation equipment is available at the bedside.