2.a. as countries develop economically the frequency of communicable disease decreases while prevalence of noncommunicable disease rises

theory of epidemiological transition

1971- abdel omran put forward a model describing the relationship between: changing patterns of population age structure (% of different age groups), mortality (deaths), life expectancy, causes of death

phase 1: pre history to mid 18th century= pestilence and famine. infectious disease most common cause of death, spread easily eg plague- 25mil dead, also war and famine- poor standard of living, poor hygiene, no access to effective healthcare. link to bewdleys place profile- trading food to having not enough= famine

phase 2: mid 18th century to mid 20th century= receding pandemics. industrial rev= improved nutrition, sanitation and medical care. massive reductions in spread of disease, shops now, standards of living improve, life expectancy rise from 30 in p1 to 50 in p2, more diseases like non communicable diseases- lung cancer

phase 3: mid 20th century to today= degenerative disease. vaccines, antibiotics and improvement in social determinants of health, better hygiene products and advances in removing bacteria- more awareness, increase in life expectancy= more diseases in elderly- heart disease, stroke, cancer, other chronic, these are most likely common causes of death, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, non communicable diseases kill 40 mil people= 70% of all deaths globally

debate on phase 4: could be delayed degenerative disease. higher life expectancies, 40-50% of deaths from cv. cancer deaths

diseases of affluence

are thought to be the result of increasing wealth in society, in contrast to diseases of poverty which result from impoverishment

diabetes type 2, asthma, heart disease, some cancers, obesity, CHD

mental- depression, alcoholism, mental illness, allergies

cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease

factors affecting or causing the disease of affluence

less strenous physical activity, often through increased car use. easy accessibility in society to large amounts of low cost foods, more foo generally with much less physical exertion expended to obtain a moderate amount of food, more high fat and high sugar foods in the diet are common in the developed economies of the 21st century, more foods which are processed, cooked and commerically provided (rather than seasonal, fresh foods prepared locally at time of eating), decreased leisure time, prolonged periods of inactivity, greater use of alcohol and tobacco, longer life expectancy

less physically active:

sectoral or structural changes in types of jobs people do, the change from active primary and secondary to less active tertiary and quaternary, people in tertiary jobs tend to br desk bound and commute long distances by car or public transport, ratherthan walk or cycle, longer working hours and greater commuting time means less time to cook healthy food and far more likely to eat fast food and convenience foods, less movement sets people up for obesity, high blood pressure and general poor fitness, obesity in particular increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some kinds of cancer

medical advances

less exposure to pathogens and agents of infection from infancy and a greater reliance on drugs and antibiotics leave people will lower natural immunity thn would otherise be the case (medicalisation of society), longer lifespan increase the rate of old age disease, the conditions are ideal for the development of allergies, auto immune disease and asthma

social factors

more stress, longer working hours and weakened social bonds (living alone, less leisure time and more car time) make alcohol and smoking a far more common habit that may border on substances abuse, depression and psychiatric disorder are diagnosed more often

stress= state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances

depression= severe typically prolonged feelings of despondency and dejection

psychiatric disorder= mental or behavioural pattern or anomally that causes either suffering ot an imparied ability to function in ordinary life