HSCI Midterm 1

Year of the establishment of College of Health and Human Sciences

2010

Year of establishment if the school of health sciences

1979

Well known research specialties in HSCI:

Toxicology, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, RHS (Radiological Health Sciences), medical physics, and health physics

Fastest growing health care jobs in 2023

physicians assistant (28%)

Nurse Practitioner (46%)

Medical and Health Service Managers (28%)

Why are jobs in healthcare in high demand

1. Americans are living longer

2. the affordable care act (insurance for more Americans)

3. emerging diseases

5-P advice from the instructor

Prior Preparation Prevents Poor Performance

Disease

A particular distinctive process in the body with a specific cause and characteristic symptoms. It could be transmitted from one person to another.

Disorder

a disturbance in the normal function of a part of the body, Usually not able to be spread.

Goal of Allied (Private) health care professions

They focus and the disease and patients

1. diagnose diseases and disorders

2. treat disorders and diseases

3. care for patients

4. serve for patients well being

Goal of Public health science professions

Focus on disease, causes, and prevention

1. identify cause

2. discover new means for treatment

3. prevent disease

4. promote public health

The two major categories of health professions

1. allied (private)

2. public health

examples of allied healthcare professions

1. physical therapist

2. audiologist

3. dental hygienist

4. Physicians Assistant

Examples of primary health provides

1. Physician

2. Dentist

3. Nurse

Four major categories of health services provided by the US health care system

1. Diagnosis and treatment

2. Rehabilitation Services

3. Health Promotion Services

4. Disease Prevention Services

Categories of hospitals in the U.S.

Nonprofit

1. Private owned (mayo clinic)

2. Voluntary (religious groups)

3. Community Owned

4. Public (government owned)

For Profit

1. Private owned by investors

Types of managed health care organizations in the US

1. Health Maintenance Organizations- fixed fee for services

2. Preferred Provider Organizations- higher fees, better choices, and flexibility

3. Association Plans

Roles of Federal Government in Healthcare

no authority to provide individual services but finances research. Also Medicare (for elderly) and Medicaid (for the indigent)

Role of local and state government in health care

provide the public health services

Public Health Profession examples

Sanitarian

Toxicologist

Epidemiologist

Who is the health care system financed by?

primarily financed by personal, non‐

government funds, or is paid directly by consumers through

private health insurance. Individual Patients and/or private health insurance

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicaid

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low-income persons.

% of healthcare works in the US

10%

Leading cause of death in the US

1. Heart disease

2. Cancer

3. Covid

4. accidents

5. stroke

6. chronic lower respiratory disease

7. Alzheimer's

How will a director of career development help students explore

1. career advice

2. career fairs and events

3. student life

4. ways to get involved

5. internships

6. career options

7. available resources

Five questions for student self assessment for preparing for a professional healthcare career

1. what makes you happy

2. what inspires you

3. what does success look like to you

4. what classes, subject, and teachers do you like

5. what problems do you want to solve in the world

Three levels of pre-professional preparation

1. academic credentials

2. non academic credentials

3. reflection and personal development

Academic requirements for a career in healthcare

3.5 or higher to be competitive

Non academic credentials you should pursue

1. gain experience in your field

2. campus involvement and leadership

3. community service and volunteering

4. undergraduate research

5. learn all you can about your field

Personal development and letters

1. Reflect and prepare for the rigors of professional school

2. get to know faculty for letters of recommendation

3. Keep exploring and develop your expertise

4. believe in yourself

Should you become a doctor?

1. Do you like challenges?

2. Are you interested in science and how

the body works?

3. Do you care deeply about other people,

their problems, and their pain?

4. Are you a good listener?

5. Do you enjoy learning?

Premed timeline and requirements

1. life as a premed (4-5 yrs)

2. life as a med student (4 yrs)

3. life as a resident/fellow (3-7 yrs)

- great grades

- research experience

- clinical experience

- extra curricular

Duties of resident physicians

1. Teach students/be a mentor

2. build relationships

3. technical skills

4. practice professionalism

5. become an advocate, read, learn, write, question

6. plan out your "real job"

cost of attending med school

instate: 35,000

out of state: 60,000

acceptance rate of med school

at IU its 5%

average GPA and MCAT of med school acceptances

3.75, 512

IU school of medicine curriculum

1. medical knowledge

2. patient care

3. practiced based learning and improvement

4. communication skills

5. professionalism

6. leadership

IU school of medicine campuses

1. Bloomington

2. Evansville

3. Fort Wayne

4. Indianapolis

5. Muncie

6. Northwest Gary

7. South Bend

8. Terre Haute

9. West Lafayette

Majors and entry into medical school

any major

90 credit hours

gen chem and orgo

biology

physics

biochem

social and behavioral science

medical student life

1. white coat ceremony

2. Memorizing loads of

stuff

3.Dissecting your cadaver

4. Touching your first patient

5. Listening to stories

6. 12 to 16 hour days

7. Sifting through career options

life as a resident/fellow

1. explore careers

2. match day - find your new job

3. teaching students

4. treated as a physician

5. practice professionalism

6. build technical skills

7. about $50,000 per year

Who is Andrew Taylor Still?

-founding father of osteopathic medicine

-born in a log cabin in Virginia 1800s

-go on to introduced the holistic approach to medicine through body, mind, spirit.

-he believes that by promoting the body's natural ability to heal, patients would provide a lasting mean of prevention/cure to illnesses.

Concept, philosophy, and practice of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

- emphasize whole person approach to treatment and care

- the body is capable of self regulation, healing, and health maintenance

- treatment is based upon interrelationship between structure and function

Where was the first DO school established

American School of osteopathy Kirksville, Missouri in 1892

similarities between DO and MD

attend medical school, residency, can practice in all fifty states, and can prescribe medicine

differences between MD and DO

MD - doctor of medicine. Treat and diagnose conditions using x rays, medicine, surgery drugs, etc

DO - Doctor of osteopathic medicine. Focus on holistic health and prevention

Percentage of osteopathic medical schools over all medical schools

25%

Accreditation of DO and MD schools for professional organizations

MD - AMA

DO - AOA

Accreditation of DO and MD schools for accrediting body colleges

MD - LCME

DO - COCA

Accreditation of DO and MD schools for Educational Body colleges

MD - AAMC

DO - AACOM

Accreditation of DO and MD schools for accrediting body residences

MD and DO - ACGME

founding of Physican Assistant profession

creation of 2 new groups of assistants to doctors from nonmedical and non nursing personnel

dr. eugene stead founded PA profession

Concept of the PA

A physician assistant (PA) is nationally certified and state licensed to practice

medicine as part of a physician-led team. PAs are educated at the graduate level

and practice in nearly every medical specialty and setting.

What does a PA do?

1. Conduct physical exams

2. Diagnose and treat illnesses

3. Order and interpret tests

4. Counsel on preventive healthcare

5. Assist in surgery

6. Write prescriptions

7. Make rounds in nursing homes and hospitals

8. Manage the full scope of patient care

Do PAs have prescriptive authority

yes

areas of practice and specialties for PA

basically all areas and specialties

Work settings for PAs

- single specialty physician group practice

- inpatient unit of hospital

- solo physician practice office

- emergency room

- multi specialty physician group practice

- outpatient unit of hospital

- operating room

How to become a PA

- 400 hours in basic sciences

- 75 hours in pharmacology

- 175 hours in behavioral sciences

- about 580 hours in clinical medicine

- PA program is about 26 months long

- pass national certifying examination

- log 100 hours of continuing education every 2 years

- must take recertification test every ten years or every 6 years if you were certified before 2014

Teaching Model for PA

"mini-medical model"

- didactic education

- experimental education

- instructional faculty

Why PA?

- work in many settings

- still get to treat patient and prescribe medicine

- work/life balance

- good job outlook

Dental Specialties

- oral and maxillofacial surgery

- oral medicine

- orofacial pain

- orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics

- general dentist

- pediatric dentistry

- periodontics

- prosthodontics

- dental anesthesiology

- dental public health

What systemic diseases are associated with dental diseases?

- heart disease

- hypertension

- Alzheimer's

- cancer (oral)

- periodontal disease

Reasons for job security in dentistry

1. 100 million people have dental benefits from insurance

2. baby boomers are aging

3. people want nice smiles

4. dentists are retiring

Benefits to being a dentist

1. time off

2. work/life balance

3. flexibility

4. high income

5. personal satisfaction

- help people and improve their smile

- continue education

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Dental surgical specialty that diagnoses and treats conditions of the mouth, face, jaws, and associated areas.

Orthodontics

Diagnose, prevent, intercept and correct abnormalities of the developing or mature orofacial structures

Periodontics

branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the bone and gum tissues supporting the teeth

Prosthodontics

Dental specialty that provides restoration and replacement of natural teeth

What does a dental school look for

- biology, chemistry, physics, humanities, social science

- letters of recommendation

- shadowing

- DAT overall Average: 20.68

- DAT Science Average: 20.12

- DAT Reading Average: 22.3

- GPA: 3.62

- Science GPA: 3.54

Dental Hygienist

Licensed oral healthcare professional who as a co-therapist with the dentist provides preventive, therapeutic, and educational services for the control of oral disease to aid individuals in attaining optimal oral health.

Contributions of nurses to the health care system

1. direct patient care

2. Management/ administration

3. education to patient, families, collogues, and students

4. Nurse Scientist in Academia, industry, and healthcare system

Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

- knowledge professional

- care for people/families when they are at their most vulnerable point

- advocate

- educator

- provide direct and indirect care

- critical thinker

- healthcare change agent

What does a RN do everyday

1. Physical Exams/ health histories

2. Provide counseling, education, and health promotion

3. Administer medicine, wound care

4. Interpret patient information and make decisions about needed actions

5. Coordinate care

6. Direct and supervise care

7. Leads healthcare systems

Preparation of undergraduate nursing education is grounded in

- sciences

- humanities

- leadership

Advanced Practice Nursing (APN)

a nurse with postgraduate education and training in nursing

Nurse Practitioner

works in clinics, nursing homes, hospitals, or private offices. They provide a wide range of of primary and preventative healthcare services, prescribe medication, and diagnose and treat common minor illnesses and injury.

certified nurse anesthetists

administer more than 65% of anesthetics given to patients each year

certified nurse midwife

nurse who has special training in delivering babies during low-risk pregnancies

clinical nurse specialist

care for a wide range of physical and mental health (consultation, research, education, and administration)

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

a degree awarded to nurses based on clinical practice that allows them to practice medicine independently as nurse practitioners.

- academia-clinical focus

- healthcare organizations in executive or leadership role

Year and Place of initiating anesthesiologist assistant

Emory University and Case Western Reserve University in 1969

Anesthesiologist Assistant Relationship to Nursing

Certified Anesthesiologist Assistant and CRNA (nurse anesthetist) are equivalent providers in the care team model.

B.A./B.S. degree

4 yrs

master's degree

2 or more years of study at college or university after bachelors degree

which year did the IU school of medicine start the anesthesiologist assistant program?

2017

What is a certified anesthesiologist Assistant (duties and scope of practice)

- perform pre-anesthesia history and physical exam

- carry out anesthesia plan with the anesthesia care team

- airway management

- regional and neuraxial anesthesia block

- fluid and blood product administration

- insertion of peripheral and central venous catheters and arterial lines

- patient monitoring and data interpretation

Where does a certified anesthesiologist assistant work

- preoperative anesthesia clinics

- outpatient service centers

- hospitals

- private practice

- academic centers

Prerequisites for Certified Anesthesiologist Assistant

- Bachelors Degree

- premed curriculum (GPA of 3.4 or higher)

- MCAT or GRE

- Anesthesia shadowing experience (8 or more hrs)

- Professional Recommendations (3)

- In person interview

Timeline and curriculum of MSA

Fall 1, spring 2, summer 3, fall 4 - clinical science, anesthesia practice/science, simulation lab, part time clinical rotation (didactic year)

Spring 5, summer 6, fall 7 - full time clinical rotations (clinical year)

General Pathway from undergraduate education to practice for CAA

1. graduation. Master of science in Anesthesia

2. National Certification

3. Licensure and Credentialing

Key elements to be enrolled in CAA programs

Examples but not all of them:

- empathetic

- critical thinker

- dependable

- motivated

- detail orientated

Two Main areas in communication disorders

1. hearing disorders

2. speech and language disorders

Hearing disorders

- ear infections

- hearing loss with age

- children born with hearing loss

- health problems that lead to hearing loss

- hearing loss due to noise exposure

Speech and Language disorders

- affect the way people talk and understand

- children with speech or development delays

- adults with medical problems

ex. stroke, cancer, ALS, Parkinson's

% of chronic conditions in hearing for those over 65

70%

Major causes of hearing loss and prevention

- disease, noise, injuries, born with it

- decrease how often you are exposed to loud sounds

- noise induced hearing loss is the 2nd most common cause of hearing loss

Consequences of hearing loss

social - isolation, bluffing, distraction

physical - tired, stress

psychological - shame, embarrassment, depression, frustration, anxiety, low self esteem

Hearing loss in children

- About 2-5 out of every 1,000 children in the US are born deaf or hard of hearing

- 3 out of 4 children experience an ear infection by the time they are 3 years old.

- delayed speech, adverse affect on social development and academic achievement

audiology, audiologist

Professionals that help the deaf/hard of hearing. They provide innovative solutions using both medical science and technology.

Qualifications for clinical practice in Audiology

- Doctor of Audiology (4 years)

- includes almost 2,000 hours of clinical practice

- eligible for license to practice upon graduation.