19th and 20th Century Political Developments

A set of flashcards covering key political developments, ideologies, and historical events from the 19th and early 20th centuries.

What was the outcome of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's rule from 1876-1909?

He ignored the necessary reforms and ruled as an autocrat.

Who governed the Russian Empire prior to Tsar Alexander II?

Tsar Peter the Great.

What major reform did Tsar Alexander II implement in 1861?

The emancipation of the serfs.

What was the significance of the Grimean War (1854-1856)?

It marked a crucial point where Britain and France intervened against the Russian Empire.

What political ideologies emerged prominently in the 19th century?

Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Nationalism, Imperialism.

Who was the primary author of the Communist Manifesto published in 1848?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

What was the concept of nationalism as discussed in the notes?

Nationalism is the emotional identification of people with their nation, often resulting in a desire for a nation-state.

What economic theory is associated with Adam Smith?

Laissez-faire economics.

What was the significance of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

It regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism era.

What were the major outcomes of the 'Scramble for Africa'?

Establishment of control by European powers over African territories and mass population displacement.

What sparked World War I according to the notes?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What was Stalin's approach to governance termed?

Socialism in one country.

What were the Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union?

They were aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization.

What was Adolf Hitler's major work that outlined his ideology?

Mein Kampf.

What was the Holocaust and its impact on the Jewish population?

The systematic extermination of six million Jews during World War II.

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

Laws enacted in Nazi Germany that institutionalized racial discrimination against Jews.

What was the impact of the Great Depression on global politics?

It led to the rise of totalitarian regimes, including Fascism and Communism.

What triggered the Russian Revolution of 1917?

A combination of political upheaval, economic strife, and public discontent with Tsarist rule.

What was the totalitarianism method under Stalin?

Complete state control over all aspects of life, including economy and society.