radiation protection exam 2 review

What are the 3 filters incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter made of?

A) Aluminum, tin, and copper
B) Aluminum, tin, and lead
C) Zinc, copper, and barium
D) Zinc, copper, and lead

A) Aluminum, tin, and copper

Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made?

A) Aluminum, tin, and copper
B) Aluminum, tin, and lead
C) Zinc, copper, and barium
D) Zinc, copper, and lead

A) Aluminum, tin, and copper

Which of the following personnel monitoring devices can be used to provide an immediate exposure readout?

A) Film badge dosimeter
B) Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
C) Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
D) Personnel direct ion storage dosimeter

D) Personnel direct ion storage dosimeter

The front of the white paper packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter:

A) Must not have any type of printing on it
B) Must never be exposed to ionizing radiation
C) Must be radiopaque
D) May be color-coded to facilitate correct usage and placement of the dosimeter on the body of occupationally exposed personnel

D) May be color-coded to facilitate correct usage and placement of the dosimeter on the body of occupationally exposed personnel

Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller survey meter alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation?

A) The metal that encloses the counter's gas-filled tube
B) The meter scale
C) An audio amplifier and speaker
D) The shield covering the probe's sensitivity chamber

C) An audio amplifier and speaker

Medical physicists use ionization chambers connected to electrometers to perform the annual standard measurements required by state, federal, and health care accreditation organizations for radiographic and fluoroscopic devices. These annual measurements include:

1. X-ray output in Gy or mGy.

2. Fluoroscopic radiation entrance rates in mSv/min.

3. KVp setting accuracy.

4. Exposure time exactness.

5. Half-value layers, or beam quality.

A) 1, 2, and 3 only
B) 1, 3, and 4 only
C) 2, 3, and 5 only
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the optically stimulated dosimeter?

A) Exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence without an in-house reader
B) Mechanical shock can cause false high reading
C) No permanent, legal record of exposure
D) Not cost-effective for large numbers of personnel

A) Exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence without an in-house reader

Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that:

A) An equivalent dose higher than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time
B) An equivalent dose less than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time
C) A maximal equivalent dose has been exceeded during that time
D) A mistake has been made in recording the equivalent dose

B) An equivalent dose less than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time

The digital ionization dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a (an)

A) Universal serial bus (USB)
B) Charge-coupled device
C) Electrometer
D) Ionization chamber

A) Universal serial bus (USB)

Which of the following are advantages of the personnel digital ionization dosimeter?

1. Instant access to reports

2. No waiting time for mailing dosimeters

3. Lightweight and durable

4. Can be dropped or scratched with little chance of harm to the device

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 2, 3, and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Because of the OSL dosimeter's sensitivity down to as low as 10 µSv for x-ray and gamma ray photons in the energy range 5 keV to 40 MeV, it is an excellent and practical monitoring device for

A) Employees working in high-radiation environments and for non-pregnant workers
B) Pregnant employees working in high-radiation environments
C) Members of the general public not occupationally employed
D) Employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers

D) Employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers

Which of the following instruments generally has a check source of a weak, long-lived radioisotope located on one side of its external surface to verify its constancy daily?

A) Pocket dosimeter
B) Proportional counter
C) Geiger-Muller survey meter
D) Ionization chamber-type survey meter

C) Geiger-Muller survey meter

What is the maximum period of time that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personnel device?

A) 1 hour
B) 1 week
C) 1 month
D) 3 months

D) 3 months

The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter is “read out” by using:

A) Densitometer
B) Ionization chamber
C) Thermoluminescent analyzer
D) Laser light at selected frequencies

D) Laser light at selected frequencies

Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie?

A) Geiger-Muller survey meter
B) Ionization chamber-type survey meter
C) Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
D) Proportional counter

B) Ionization chamber-type survey meter

(Professor JJ Said it’s not A)

Some of the advantages of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter are:

1. Can be used for up to 1 year

2. Lightweight, durable, and easy to carry

3. Integrated, self-contained, preloaded packet

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 3

D) 1, 2, and 3

The steps, or rungs, of the DNA ladder-like structure consist of complementary chemicals that are:

A) Acetic acids
B) Fatty acids
C) Pairs of nitrogenous bases
D) Sugar–phosphate compounds

C) Pairs of nitrogenous bases

If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can:

A) Overpopulate and become radioresistant.
B) Become insensitive to future exposures from ionizing radiation.
C) Remain in circulating blood indefinitely.
D) Repopulate after a period of recovery.

D) Repopulate after a period of recovery.

Which of the following is a category of white blood cell that is essential in fighting infections?

A) Granulocytes
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Thrombocytes

A) Granulocytes

When LET increases, the chance of producing a significant biologic response in the radiosensitive DNA macromolecule

A) Grows
B) Decreases considerably
C) Decreases slightly
D) Remains constant, not increasing or decreasing

A) Grows

As LET increases, the ability of ionizing radiation to cause biologic effects:

A) Decreases slightly
B) Remains constant, not increasing or decreasing
C) Also generally increases until it reaches a maximal value
D) Decreases considerably

C) Also generally increases until it reaches a maximal value

Based on current data, which of the following would be considered a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both males and females?

A) 5 Gyt
B) 3 Gyt
C) 1 Gyt
D) 0 Gyt

D) 0 Gyt

A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure because:

1. Biologic damage from ionizing radiation cannot be determined from a blood test

2. Biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in the blood count

3. A traditional blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate exposures of less than 10 cGy

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 2 and 3 only

D) 2 and 3 only

Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive?

A) A mature adult
B) An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy
C) A fetus during the third trimester of gestation
D) 5-year-old child

B) An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy

When free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation is indirect in the sense that the radiation is not the immediate cause of injury to the macromolecule. What is the immediate cause of this damage?

A) Excitation of the atoms of the biologic macromolecules
B) Enzymes released from biologic macromolecules
C) The recombining of a positively charged water molecule with an electron
D) The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules

D) The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules

Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive?

A) Adult nerve cells
B) Nerve cells in an embryo or fetus
C) Immature spermatogonia
D) Lymphocytes

A) Adult nerve cells

In general, which of the following can human cells do?

1. Protect themselves

2. Regulate life processes

3. Reproduce

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 3

D) 1, 2, and 3

The much smaller structures that are building blocks of nucleic acids are called:

A) Carbohydrates
B) Fatty acids
C) Nucleotides
D) Polysaccharides

C) Nucleotides

Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to happen after exposure to:

A) Nonionizing radiation such as microwaves.
B) High-LET radiation such as alpha particles.
C) Low-LET radiation such as x-rays.
D) Low-LET radiation such as gamma rays.

B) High-LET radiation such as alpha particles.

Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray?

A) Patients are expected to sustain total damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination, resulting in fatality.
B) Patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.
C) Patients are expected to sustain some damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.
D) Patients are expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.

B) Patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.

Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive?

A) Lymphocytes
B) Adult nerve cells
C) Erythrocytes
D) Muscle cells

A) Lymphocytes

Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a male human?

a. 0.01 Gyt
b. 1.0 Gyt
c. 2.0 Gyt
d. 5.0 or 6.0 Gyt

d. 5.0 or 6.0 Gyt

Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
B) Nitric acid (HNO3)
C) Potassium (K) and sodium (Na)
D) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle?

A) Anaphase
B) Metaphase
C) Prophase
D) Telophase

C) Prophase

Which of the following causes an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell?

A) Acetic acids
B) Enzymes
C) Hormones
D) Nucleic acids

B) Enzymes

Because the master molecule is unique in any given cell, no similar molecules in the cell are available to replace it; if a critical location on the master molecule is a target receiving multiple hits from ionizing radiation, the master molecule may be inactivated. If this occurs, what is the consequence for the affected cell?

A) Loss of all intracellular fluid
B) Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture
C) Disruption of cell chemistry only
D) Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die

D) Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die

Because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an)

A) Aneuploidy
B) Bleb
C) Covalent cross-link
D) Mutation

D) Mutation

Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)?

A) X-rays
B) Alpha particles
C) X-rays and gamma rays
D) Alpha particles and gamma rays

C) X-rays and gamma rays

Which of the following are classified as high-LET radiation?

1. Alpha Particles

2. Gamma rays

3. X-rays
   A) 1 only
   B) 2 only
   C) 3 only
   D) 1, 2, and 3

1. A) 1 only

A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250 kVp x-radiation to produce the same biological reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation?

A) 2.5
B) 3
C) 4
D) 8

C) 4

16 Gyt ÷ 4 Gyt = 4

Fraternal twins may also be referred to as

A) Dizygotic twins
B) Monozygotic twins
C) Polyzygotic twins
D) Trizygotic twins

A) Dizygotic twins

During what phase of mitosis are the centromeres severed, followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and subsequently being pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle?

A) Prophase
B) Metaphase
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase

C) Anaphase

Any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is called:

A) Synthesis
B) Oxidation
C) Osmosis
D) Metabolism

B) Oxidation

Lysosomes are sometimes referred to as "suicide bags," because the enzymes they contain can break down and digest not only proteins and certain carbohydrates but also the cell itself should the lysosome's surrounding membrane rupture. Exposure to radiation may induce such a rupture. When this occurs, what will happen to the cell?

A) It will multiply spontaneously.
B) It will divide very rapidly.
C) It is likely to die.
D) There will not be any effect on the cell.

C) It is likely to die.

The total radiation dose given to a somatic or genetic cell and the period of time in which that dose was delivered determine the rate of production of:

A) Cell division
B) Chromosome aberrations
C) Genetic analysis
D) Karyotyping

B) Chromosome aberrations

Acute radiation syndrome occurs in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur?

A) Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death
B) Manifest illness, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death
C) Prodromal period, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
D) Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death

C) Prodromal period, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death

Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in the human body?

A) Cerebrovascular
B) Gastrointestinal
C) Hematopoietic
D) Skeletal

C) Hematopoietic

When cells are exposed to sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation, approximately _______ of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time and about ___________ is irreparable.

A) 25%, 75%
B) 50%, 50%
C) 75%, 25%
D) 90%, 10%

D) 90%, 10%

As radiation dose increases, the severity of early tissue reactions:

A) also increases
B) gradually decreases
C) increases sharply and then gradually decreases
D) remains constant

A) also increases

Prolonged exposure to x-rays in the diagnostic energy range results in high radiation dose to the skin while underlying tissues receive:

A) a much greater dose
B) a slightly greater dose
C) no dose
D) a substantially less dose

D) a substantially less dose

In the female, the ovarian stem cells:

A) Begin as a single cell during fetal development, before birth, and then gradually increase in number throughout life

B) Multiply to a few hundred cells during fetal life, before birth, and then gradually increase in number throughout life

C) Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before birth, and then steadily decline in number throughout life

D) Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before birth, and then steadily continue to increase in number throughout life

C) Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before birth, and then steadily decline in number throughout life

Which of the following types of cells develop from a single precursor cell, a pluripotential stem cell?

1. Lymphocytes and granulocytes

2. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes

3. Platelets
   A) 1 only
   B) 2 only
   C) 3 only
   D) 1, 2, and 3

1. D) 1, 2, and 3

With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected?

A) Esophagus
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine

C) Small intestine

Which were early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation experienced by early radiation workers? (select more than one)

1. Diffuse redness of skin

2. Blood disorders

3. Organ atrophy

4. Intestinal disorders

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 4
E) 1, 2, and 3
F) All of the above

D) 1, 2, and 4

To convert the number of gray into milli-gray, the number of gray must be:

A) Divided by 100
B) Divided by 1000
C) Multiplied by 100
D) Multiplied by 1000

D) Multiplied by 1000

The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kg) of air and expressed in metric units of joules per kilogram is:

A) Absorbed dose
B) Air kerma
C) Effective dose
D) Equivalent dose

B) Air kerma

Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s body surface?

A) Absorbed dose
B) Dose area product
C) Effective dose
D) Equivalent dose

B) Dose area product

As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron–ion pairs produced:

A) Also increases
B) Decreases considerably
C) Decreases slightly
D) Remains the same

A) Also increases

What do radiation weighting factors take into consideration?

1. The overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation

2. Both the internal and external dose measurements

3. The fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose

A) 3 only
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1 only
D) 2 only

A) 3 only

Cataract formation, fibrosis, reduced fertility, and sterility are classified as:

A) Early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation
B) Late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation
C) Hereditary effects of ionizing radiation
D) Stochastic effects of ionizing radiation

B) Late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation

Which of the following types of ionizing radiation produce virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses?

A) Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
B) X-rays, alpha particles, and fast neutrons
C) X-rays, neutrons, and gamma rays
D) X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays

D) X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays

If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose?

A) 100 person-Sv
B) 200 person-Sv
C) 800 person-Sv
D) 1600 person-Sv

A) 100 person-Sv

400 × 0.25 = 100

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose?

A) EfD = (D × WR)₁ + (D × WR)₂ + (D × WR)₃
B) EfD = D × WR × WT
C) EfD = D ÷ WR × WT
D) All of the options

B) EfD = D × WR × WT

Which of the following units of measure are not SI units?

1. Roentgens

2. Coulombs per kilogram, grays, sieverts

3. Rads and rems

A) 1 and 3 only
B) 3 only
C) 1 only
D) 2 only

A) 1 and 3 only

What instrument can be calibrated to read air kerma?

A) Amp meter
B) Coulomb counter
C) Standard, or free-air, ionization chamber
D) Voltmeter

C) Standard, or free-air, ionization chamber

Which of the following is the SI unit of electric current?

A) Ampere
B) Coulomb per kilogram
C) Erg
D) Sievert

A) Ampere

In what year were x-rays discovered?

A) November 8, 1875
B) November 8, 1895
C) November 8, 1905
D) November 8, 1915

B) November 8, 1895

Which system of measurement uses the becquerel (Bq) units?

A) British system
B) International System of Units (SI)
C) Customary system
D) Conventional radiologic system

B) International System of Units (SI)

Which system of measurement uses the curie (Ci) units?

A) International System of Units (SI)
B) Metric system
C) British (conventional) system
D) Modern SI–derived radiologic system

C) British (conventional) system

END OF REVIEW —→ Bonus questions from canvas quizzes and other sources

END OF REVIEW —→ Bonus questions from canvas quizzes and other sources

Which of the following was used as the first measure of exposure for ionizing radiation?

A) Air Kerma
B) Skin erythema
C) Sievert
D) Roentgen

B) Skin erythema

A radiation weighing factor (Wr) has been established for each of the following ionizing radiations: x-rays (Wr = 1), fast neutrons (Wr = 20), and alpha particles (Wr = 20). What is the total equivalent dose in sieverts for a person who has received the following exposures: 0.2 Gyt of x-rays, 0.07 Gyt of fast neutrons, and 0.3 Gyt of alpha particles?

A) 9.4 Sv
B) 7.6 Sv
C) 4.3 Sv
D) 1.9 Sv

B) 7.6 Sv

Which of the following is the unit of collective effective dose?

A) Coulombs per kilogram-sievert
B) Gray-Sievert
C) Person-Sievert
D) Rad-sievert

C) Person-Sievert

The concept of tissue weighing factor (Wt) is used to do which of the following?

A) Account for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs
B) Eliminate the need for determining effective dose
C) Measure absorbed dose from all different types of ionizing radiations
D) Modify the radiation weighting factor for different types of ionizing radiation

A) Account for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs

What is the SI radiation unit coulomb per kilogram used to specify?

A) Equivalent dose
B) Absorbed dose in biologic tissue
C) Radiation exposure in air only
D) Speed at which x-ray photons travel

C) Radiation exposure in air only

Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues?

A) Absorbed dose
B) Exposure
C) Equivalent dose
D) Effective dose

D) Effective dose

The radiation weighing factor for alpha particles is 20, and the tissue weighing factor for the lungs is 0.12. If the lungs receive an absorbed dose of 0.2 Gyt from alpha particles, what is the effective dose?

A) 0.48 Sv
B) 4.8 Sv
C) 48.0 Sv
D) 480.0 Sv

A) 0.48 Sv

If 100 people received an average effective dose of 0.35 Sv, what is the collective effective dose?

A) 17.5 person-Sv
B) 35 person-Sv
C) 70 person-Sv
D) 285 person-Sv

B) 35 person-Sv

How is the SI unit for dose area product (DAP) usually specified?

A) Coulomb
B) Erg-sec
C) mGy-cm squared
D) Sievert

C) mGy-cm squared

When laser light is incident on the sensing material in an OSL dosimeter, the material:

A) Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received.
B) Fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then emits beta particles.
C) Phosphoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure and then darkens.
D) Turns ice blue in color and fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received.

A) Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received.

Which of the following chemical compounds functions as the sensing material in a TLD ring?

A) Barium Sulfate
B) Calcium Tungstate
C) Lithium Fluoride
D) Sodium Iodide

C) Lithium Fluoride

During routine radiographic procedures, when a protective apron is not being worn, the primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at:

A) Collar level to approximate the location of maximal radiation to the thyroid and the head and neck.
B) Chest level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the heart and lungs.
C) Hip level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the reproductive organs.
D) Waist level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the small intestine.

A) Collar level to approximate the location of maximal radiation to the thyroid and the head and neck.

During diagnostic imaging procedures, how may the radiation dose to the abdomen of a pregnant radiographer be monitored during gestation?

A) It may be estimated from the radiation dose recorded by the primary monitor worn at the collar level.
B) It may be obtained from the primary monitor worn at the abdominal level.
C) It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at the abdominal level.
D) It is not necessary to monitor the radiation dose to the embryo-fetus that results from occupational exposure of a pregnant radiographer during gestation.

C) It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at the abdominal level.

Which of the following requirements should radiation survey instruments fulfill?

1. Instruments must be reliable so that radiation exposure or exposure rate in a given area can be accurately assessed.

2. Instruments must be durable to withstand normal use.

3. Instruments should interact with ionizing radiation similar to the way in which human tissue reacts.
   A) 1 only
   B) 2 only
   C) 3 only
   D) 1, 2, and 3

1. D) 1, 2, and 3

When a radiologic procedure requires the hands of a radiation worker to be near the primary beam, the equivalent dose to the hands of that individual may be determined through the use of:

A) The primary personnel monitor worn at the collar level.
B) A proportional counter attached to the wristwatch of the radiation worker.
C) A TLD ring worn on the hand of the radiation worker.
D) A cutie pie

C) A TLD ring worn on the hand of the radiation worker.

Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment?

A) Proportional counter
B) GM survey meter
C) Ionization chamber with electrometer
D) Direct ion storage dosimeter

C) Ionization chamber with electrometer

For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies from 5 keV to greater than 40 MeV, ____ gives an accurate reading as low as 10 mSv (1 mrem).

A) Personal direct ion storage dosimeter
B) OSL dosimeter
C) Cutie Pie
D) TLD ring

B) OSL dosimeter

Which of the following instruments should be used to locate a lost radioactive source or detect low-level radioactive contamination?

A) GM survey meter
B) Proportional counter
C) Ionization chamber (cutie pie)
D) Direct ion storage dosimeter

A) GM survey meter

Which of the following instruments should be used in an x-ray installation to measure the fluoroscopic scatter exposure rate?

A) Geiger detector
B) Cutie Pie
C) Proportional Counter
D) Direct ion storage dosimeter

B) Cutie Pie

In a DNA macromolecule, the sequence of _______ determines the characteristics of every living thing.

A) Sugars
B) Phosphates
C) Nitrogenous organic bases
D) Hydrogen bonds

C) Nitrogenous organic bases

How many base pairs are there in the human genome?

A) 2.58 × 10⁶
B) 90,000
C) 2.9 × 10⁹
D) 20,500

C) 2.9 × 10⁹

Radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes?

A) Prophase
B) Metaphase
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase

B) Metaphase

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages components involved in molecular syntheses beyond repair, cells do which of the following?

A) Continue to function normally
B) Function abnormally or die
C) Repair themselves immediately because of the enzymatic proteins they contain
D) Reproduce themselves in pairs

B) Function abnormally or die

Which of the following produces antibodies?

A) Erythrocytes
B) Lymphocytes
C) Thrombocytes
D) Platelets

B) Lymphocytes

Water comprises approximately _____ of the weight of the human body?

A) 50%–55%
B) 60%–70%
C) 80%–85%
D) 90%–95%

C) 80%–85%

Which of the following must the human body provide to ensure sufficient cell operation?

1. Food as a source of raw material for the release of energy

2. Oxygen to help break down food

3. Water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell
   A) 1 and 2 only
   B) 1 and 3 only
   C) 2 and 3 only
   D) 1, 2, and 3

1. D) 1, 2, and 3

Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell?

A) Endoplasmic Reticulum
B) Mitochondria
C) Lysosomes
D) Nucleus

D) Nucleus

What term is used to describe chemical secretions that are manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body?

A) Amino Acids
B) Antibodies
C) Hormones
D) Disaccharides

C) Hormones

Somatic cells divide through the process of:

A) Meiosis
B) Mitosis
C) Mapping
D) Metabolism

B) Mitosis

For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when internal contamination is possible, that is, when a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, or inhaled because:

A) Only single strand breaks DNA are possible
B) Then the potential exists for reparable damage of single strand breaks in DNA
C) Then the potential exists for irreparable damage of single strand breaks of DNA are possible
D) Then the potential exists for reparable damage in DNA, resulting from multiple strand breaks

C) Then the potential exists for irreparable damage of single strand breaks of DNA are possible