SL 4: Chinese Civil War

West meets China (1793)

* GB Diplomat meets C emperor to try and open trade

* C unaware of EU's superiority

- GB wanted Silk/Porcelain/Tea

- C told GB no, so GB starts Opium war

1st and 2nd Opium Wars

1st Opium War

* C banned Opium imports bc many addicted, but GB smuggled it, C imposed death penalty

* War: (1839-42) GB killed 18k C's annually, captured Shanghai in retaliation

- Treaty of Nanking: C pays GB, opens trade, gives GB Hong Kong

2nd Opium War (1856-60)

* west not happy with trade agreements w/Qing

* GB/F invade, kill 30k C's, burn/loot palace; legalize opium; force freedom of religion (to turn C into west puppet)

Taiping Rebellion

• 1850-64: Massive Civil war btw Han C and Qing gov. kills 20M C's.

• Han mad Qing Manchus os Opium War.

• Hong Xiuquan Jesus' brother leads rebellion

• Manchus crushed them w/West HELP from Nanking

Boxer Rebellion

• (1898-1900) Boxers (invulnerabke to bullets) declare war on foreigners in spheres of influence

• Chinese empress held 3000 hostages for 55 days in Beijing

• 8-nation Western Army stopped it, and forced C to pay $330M

• FOREIGNERS (foreign people and Chinese Christians) ENDED UP WINNING WAR

Quick Japan History 19th Century

• horrified by west treatment of C

• 1868 Meiji Restoration: industrialization, opens trade, builds military, next wants imperialism like West

  • Matthew Perry' and his four ships sailed into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, then it made him and America flex on Japan with their cool tech

• 1st Sino-Japanese War (1894): wanted Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria’s resources and emboldened to imperialism

  • gets Korea and Taiwan and small piece of Manchuria

1911 Revolution

• Sun Yat-Sen: founder of KMT (nationalism/democracy)

  • father of Republic of China (ROC)

• SYS mad bc:

  • Manchu Qing ruling Han C

  • foreign interventionn in taiping Reb

  • tech/politically behind west

  • losses in Opium/Boxer/Sino-Jap Wars + unfair treaties

• 1911: Kid Emp Puyi forced to abdicate (ending Qing and all dynasties forever)

  • Gen. Yuan Shikai takes over/becomes Emp (remember SYS becomes Prez first but then:) while SYS was campaigning (1915)

  • C fractured

    • dissolves the parliament

    • suppresses the KMT

    • undermines all of the democratic principles that SY-S

    • deindustrialized

    • reverses what SY-S did

    • EFFECT: causes the Warlord Era

Warlord Era/May 4 Movement

• after 1911 Rev, Shikai dies, C fractured

• May 4th Movement (1919): C mad J got Tsing Tao (Confucianist’s birthplace) (G territory) from ToV

  • anti-imperial movement which increased members in CCP and KMT

• SYS COMES BACK and forms First United Front (1923)

  • Regions and provinces have different warlords

  • No government challenges them b/c they’re super strong

  • police are all split up across the country

    • RESPONSE: KMT & CCP unite

• Northern Expedition (1925): SYS dies, Chiang Kai-shek is new KMT leader.

  • kills 300k CCP members because they tried to assassinate him by USSR-backed CCP members.

  • EFFECT: STARTS THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR

  • KMT topples his gov.

Ideologies of KMT

* Under SYS: nationalist (no west), democracy, socialism

* under CKS: very nationalist, capitalist

* C nationalist bc C was divided and G land given to J by west

Ideologies of CCP

* Mao zedong: wants classless society, peasant rebellion, collective ownership, no poverty, communism not confucianism, no west

* Cs liked CCP better bc warlords ecploited poor

Northern Expedition

* United front goes north. CKS maked Nanking new capital

* White Terror (1927): CCP UF ppl try to kill CKS and change the capital

- CKS responds by purging CCP from UF, Civil war begins

* after purge, KMT ends Shikai's gov

* C unified in 1928 when Manchu warlord Zhang Xeuliang pledged allegiance to KMT

Long March

• KMT has more influence than CCP (at this time)

  • CCP not safe in cities bc KMT police. They regroup, use guerrilla tactics

• Mao forms commie army in Jiangxi, but KMT encircles them (1933), but they escape

• Long March (1934): CCP moves to Shaanxi (6000 miles in one year)

  • 10% survived trip

  • causes CCP membership to drop!

Communist Resurgence

* In Shaanxi march survivors join 22k CCP members

- heart of C commie rev

- movement grows

* KMT obstacles: commies and J takes Machuria

- strategy: defeat warlords/ccp, then Japan

Mukden Incident

* J blows up own railroad in manchuria (false flag)

* invades and takes/renames manchu to Manchukuo in 1932

* made ex-emp Puyi into puppet

Xi'an Incident

* CKS commanded Zhang Xueliang to end CCP in Shaanxi

- Zhang very anti-J (bc manchu and bc dad killed by J)

* Zhang kidnaps CKS and forces truce with CCP (2nd UF)

* Mao/CKS honored truce until J defeated (1945)

2nd Sino-J War

• J had victories, but couldnt take C

  • Shanghai:

    • 300K C casualties, but shocked it took 3 months, seen as CCP fighting hard

• Rape of Nanking: KMT blamed for leaving city defenseless (1937-38)

  • Indiscriminate J bombing, bio warfare

  • over 20M C died from 1937-45

USA's aid and failures

* J violated LoN (left it), got too close to Philippines, and brutal war so USA cuts off oil

* J bombs Pearl Harbor

* after, US approves $500M loan to KMT

- US doolitte raid hides in C so J bombs C like crazy (bio warfare kills 250k civillians)

- C could not survive more J attacks so USA island hops

* J loses in 1945 bc atom bomb and USSR invasion of Manchuria

- BUT: US fails bc didnt make CCP/KMT coalition gov, so back to civil war

Reasons for CCP Victory

* when J occipued, CCP expanded influence through

- land reforms for poor, etc.

- CCP leaders ate/worked with common ppl

- propoganda for CCP guerilla warfare, blamed KMT for losses

* KMT demoralized after WWII

- had more men, weapons, international aid, but still lost battles

- C ppl thought KMT was corrupt pawn of the west

- last J offensive (Op Ichi-Go) weakened the KMT

Course of CCW 45-49

* USSR had Manchu, so after J loss, industrial/military equipment went to CCP

- US supported KMT ($5B)

* 7/1946, KMT launched attack vs. CCP

- CCP killed 1M KMT and continued south

* 12/1949: after fall of Nanking, remaining KMT go to Taiwan with gold/goods of C

- no armistice ever, same today

PROC's Born. Effects:

* C exhausted after 25 year-war

* Mao god-like status

* KMT took all gold/silver to Taiwan

* C isolated w/only USSR support (West hates communism)

PROC Communism

* foreign assets nationalized

* Banks, Gas, Electricity, Transport industry nationalized

* Land redistributed; landlords + family sentenced to death

* womens rights

* education/literacy

After 1949

* Korean War (1950): C aids NK vs. SK/USA

* Red Terror: by 1951, 700K KMT sympathizers executed

* 100 Flowers campaign (1956): mao encouraged feedback, killed anyone who critiqued

* Great Leap Forward (1958-61): industrial communes, collectivisation, failed (32M famine deaths)

* Sino-Soviet Split (1956): Khrushchev denounced Stalin (Mao's hero) and advocated peaceful coexistence with West and wouldnt give Mao nukes. China splits, now alone

* Cultural Revolution (1966): GLF fails, Mao purged CCP members who criticized him

* Mao's dies (1976), rise of Deng Xiaoping ⇒ C now capitalist

CCP vs. KMT

CCP

• Mao Zedong

• Classicist

• peasant class rules

• eradicate poverty through collective ownership (communism)

• Confucianists

KMT

• SY-S & CKS

• nationalism

• democracy

• socialism

• CKS (after 1924)

  • nationalist (more so)

  • emphasizes capitalist