BIOL 227 Unit 1

Anatomy

The study of structure and the relationships among structures

Physiology

Deals with functions of body parts and how they work

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes in the body

Catabolism

breakdown; using energy

Anabolism

building up energy

Excitability

Ability to react to a stimuli

Conductivity

Ability to carry the effect of a stimulus from one part of a cell to another

Contractility

capacity of cells to undergo shortening and to change form

Growth

the increase in size of existing cells and the increase in the number of cells

Differentiation

mechanism whereby unspecialized cells change to specialized cells

Reproduction

either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Observation

Must be repeatable for verification

Hypothesis

trial explanation or educated guess

Deductive Reasoning

General to specific

Deductive Resoning

if all insects have 3 pairs of legs, then bees, which are also insects, must have 3 pairs of legs.

Inductive Reasoning

Specific to general

Inductive Reasoning

look at various insects and generalize that all insects must have 3 pairs of legs

Independent variables

variables that can be manipulated

Dependent Variables

variables that measure the effects of the manipulated variables

Theory

fact of law

Biology

study of the structure and the function at different levels

Structure

defined in terms of the next lower level

Function

defined in terms of the next higher level

Vertebral Column

five morphologically differentiated groups of vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal (caudal)

Tube within a tube

the animal body consists of two tubes, one formed by the body wall and second formed within it by the digestive tract.

Bilaterally Symmetrical

symmetry in which similar anatomical parts are arranged on opposite sides of a median axis so that one and only one plane can divide the individual into essentially identical halves.

Superior

Towards the head or above

cephalad

toward the head (2)

cranial

toward the head (1)

Inferior

toward the feet

caudal

toward the feet

anterior

toward the front or in front of

ventral

toward the front or in front of

posterior

toward the back or behind (p)

dorsal

toward the back or behind (d)

medial

toward the middle of the body

lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between

ipsilateral

on the same side as

contralateral

on the opposite side of

proximal

nearer to the midline or to the point of attachment to the body

distal

farther from the midline or from the point of attachment to the body

superficial

on the surface or shallow

Deep

away from the surface or further into the body

Parietal

Relating to a body cavity wall

Visceral

Relating to organs within body cavities

Anatomical Position

refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, palms facing forward

head

cephalic

neck

cervical

calf

sural

sole of foot

plantar

heel of foot

calcaneal

skull

cranial

face

facial

forehead

frontal

eye

orbital or ocular

ear

otic

cheek

buccal

nose

nasal

mouth

oral

chin

mental

arm pit

axillary

arm

brachial

front of elbow

antecubital

forearm

antebrachial

wrist

carpal

palm

metacarpal

thumb

pollex

fingers

digital or phalangeal^

thigh

femoral

front of knee

patellar

leg

crural

ankle

tarsal

top surface of foot

dorsal (f)

toes

digital or phalangeal\/

great toe

hallux

Sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

horizontal plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

mediastium

The middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes.

two pleural cavities

each houses a lung

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Right Hypochondriac Region

right lateral region just inferior to the ribs. Contains the liver and gallbladder

Epigastric Region

superior to the umbilical region; contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands

Left hypochondriac region

Superior to the left lumbar region; contains the spleen, part of the stomach, pancreas, and left kidney

right lumbar region

right lateral region inferior to the right hypochondriac region; contains the ascending colon, small intestine, and the right kidney

umbilical region

medial to the right and left lateral regions; contains the duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon

left lumbar region

left lateral region inferior to the left hypochondriac region; contains the descending colon, small intestine, and left kidney

right iliac region

right lateral side inferior to the right lumbar region; contains the appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and small intestine