Chemistry Test - Energy Transfer

Energy

The ability to do work or produce heat

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Kinetic Energy

Associated with an objects motion

Potential Energy

due to position or composition. The stronger the bond, more energy required to break them means higher potential

First Law of Thermodynamics

Total energy content of the universe is constant

Types of Kinetic Energy

Electrical, Thermal, Movement, Sound, Radiant

Types of Potential

Chemical, Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational

Heat

Measures total energy of particles in a system

Temperature

Measure of average kinetic energy of particles

Endothermic Change

Physical or chemical change that requires heat to occur

Exothermic Change

Physical or chemical change that releases heat or energy

In chemical changes: if the surroundings are hotter…

heat released (exothermic)

In chemical changes: if the surroundings are colder…

heat absorbed (endothermic)

Calorimetry Equation

Q = MC T

Enthalpy

heat transfer (heat flow) - measures the energy in a thermodynamic system

Negative Delta H

exothermic

Positive Delta H

endothermic

Hess's Law

Going from reactants to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or multiple.

Nutritional Calorie

Unit to quantify the amount of energy derived from foods

Calorie to calorie conversion

1 Calorie = 1000 calories

Entropy

A function that keeps track of randomness of the universe

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

total entropy of an isolated system always increases or remains constant. Doesn't decrease

Energy Spread

In a given process, the concentrated energy is dispersed widely (happens in an exothermic reaction)

Matter Spread

molecules of a substance are spread out to occupy a large volume

Radiant Energy

Kinetic energy that includes light rays, x rays , radio waves and microwaves and other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

calories to Joules Conversion

1 cal = 4.184 J