Ch. 7 Questions

Insecure avoidant babies

Engage in little interaction with the caregiver

Which of the following is *least* likely to influence an individual's emotions?

Environmental Quality

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

In the 1st year of life

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?

Locomotion, Goal-Directed Behaviors, and Cooperation

According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?

A new gendered division of labor

\n Which *two* of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

Oxytocin and Dopamine

\n Which of the following are characteristics of high-quality child care?

Safe Environment, Age-Appropriate Toys, Low caregiver to child ratio, Age-appropriate activities

In mother-infant interactions, the term ______ refers to the situation where each person’s behavior depends on the partner’s previous behavior.

Synchrony

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

He is an insecure resistant baby

Which of the following statements *best* describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influences by both nature and nuture

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

Trust

In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes contribute to the development of social orientation in infancy.

True

True or false: In the United States, the greater amount of time a child spends in child care, the more likely the child is to experience socioemotional problems.

True

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Resistant

\n Diversity in emotional experiences is the result of

Embeddedness in relationships

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the

Difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

Disorganized

What is the general research conclusion regarding the Strange Situation?

The experiment continues to have some merit

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

Emotions

Which of the following are *true* regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions.

Non-Latino white mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed.

Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.

Which of the following statements is *true* of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age

When stressed, which of the following allows an infant to have a better biological recovery from the stressors?

Sensitive Caregiving

According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.

False

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

Communication with others and behavioral organization

According to a longitudinal investigation done by Chess and Thomas, of the different temperament, the most children could be classified as

Easy

When it comes to self-conscious emotions, most developmental psychologists believe they

Do not occur until the second half of the first year

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

Emotions

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

Ability to distract oneself and waiting longer to express anger

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

The concept of goodness of fit

An important form of reciprocal socialization is _______, in which parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking. A good example of this is peek-a-boo.

Scaffolding

By the time infants are 12 months old, which of the following is the *most* common corrective method used by parents?

Diverting infants’ attention

In the United States, approximately ______ of children 5 years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement.

15%

 ________ is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

Emotion

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.

Negative

As children become older, they develop ______ for controlling their emotions and become more adept at modulating their emotional arousal.

Cognitive strategies

Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?

Primary

Recent studies have shown that infants will react to their mother's stress with a(n)

Increased heart rate

Which of the following are the *three* recognized types of infant cries?

Basic, Pain, and Anger

A ____ __smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a__  ___ smile does.

Reflexive; social

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called

separation protest

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

Temperament

\n Self- ______ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control their emotions.

regulation

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

Easy

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

Mutually regulated

\n According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

Difficult

Which of the following is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

Slow-to-warm-up

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

Inhibition to

\n Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?

Extraversion/Surgency

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?

Fear, Frustration, and Lack of Inhibition

Individual differences are at the heart of temperament.

True

A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

Inhibited

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _________.

Personality

Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _________ child.

Difficult

\n Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

Low intensity of mood, somewhat negative affect, and low activity level

Which of the following is *most* characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as *inhibition to the unfamiliar*?

Shyness with stranger

Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model?

Effortful control

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of

self-recognition

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

Social referencing

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

Attachment

Which of the following statements are *true* in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys?

Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process

Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.

Ainsworth created the ________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

Securely attached

What happens in the still-face paradigm?

Infants show more withdrawal and negative emotions when caregivers are still and unresponsive.

Which of the following are *true* of the developmental cascade model?

It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.

It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

Role

Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ______ socialization.

Reciprocal

The ______ view of development emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.

Epigenetic

Parents' increased use of disciplinary feedback in children's second year is often the result of

Unrealistic expectations of children’s ability to exhibit self-control

About ______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.

15 million

Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is referred to as

Parent-infant synchrony

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study which of the following factors?

Hormones, The brain, and Mother-infant attachment

According to Erikson, trust versus mistrust

Arises in each successive stage of development

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

Disorganized

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories *best* describes Jordan?

Insecure avoidant baby

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

Culture

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

Anxiety

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

Effortful

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? 

Higher parental involvement, Higher levels of parental sensitivity, Higher levels of parental responsiveness.

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups.

Infants and toddlers

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely *not* experience?

Guilt

Which type of infant smile does *not* depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which *two* of the following?

Reactivity and self-regulation

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant ________.

Attachment

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

Negative Affectivity

Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

False

In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a _______.

mirror

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

Anger cry

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.

Feeding; contact comfort