ap world

Gems- AE

A precious stone especially when cut or polished.

Ex. Diamonds and emeralds were cherished and imported to empires.

Grand Canal-AT

It is the oldest and longest canal in the world. It stretches over 1,000 miles in China and was built over a couple of centuries.

Ex. Grand Canal in China

Greek/Indian mathematics- I

They were influential parts of history that developed math knowledge. It was spread through trade, migration, and exchanges.

Ex. Greek mathematics- Geometry, number theory

Indian mathematics- Algebra, decimal system, trigonometry

Gunpowder-TE

It is the first explosive that was ever made. It was spread through the silk roads. Europe, the Middle East, and Africa used it for military purposes.

Ex. Gunpowder was made in China.

Hangzhou- GE

Hangzhou in China was famous for making and importing silk, tea, porcelain and was an important trading hub.

Ex. A famous Indian Buddhist monk established 2 temples in Hangzhou.

Hanseatic League- SE

A association of towns in Northern Germany that was formed in order to protect and control trade through the 14 and 15th centuries.

Ex. They were very powerful in controlling Northern Germany and trade routes.

Iberia- G

A peninsula in Southwestern Europe and is mostly in Modern day Portugal and Spain.

Ex. The Kingdom of Aragon that was in Iberia and was a Christian kingdom.

Ibn Battuta- I

Ibn Battuta is one of the greatest travelers of the medieval times and was Muslim traveler who wrote one of the most famous travel logs called in Rihlah.

Ex. He traveled the Islamic world and Iberia.

Indigenous culture- S

Native culture of the people who originally lived in the area before conquest, migration, or anything foreign changes the culture.

Ex. African indigenous societies like the Songhai were known for being rich.

Infrastructure-SPE

The basic physical and organizational societies and facilities that are needed for the operation of a society.

Ex. The Silk Road is the most famous infrastructure from this time period.

Islam-R

A monotheistic religion from the Arabian Peninsula founded by Muhammed in the 7th century. Muslims base their beliefs in their holy book called the Quran.

Ex. The Islamic Golden Period was during this time where there were contributions to culture and knowledge.

Luxury goods-EA

Luxury goods are goods that are only available to the higher classes because they are made to make your life more comfortable and are usually more expensive.

Ex. Sugar, gold, salt, porcelain.

Marco Polo-I

Marco Polo was a traveler from Venice, Italy who traveled throughout Europe and Asia.

Ex. He is responsible for the knowledge exchanged between Asia and Europe during this time.

Melaka- EG

A port city in Malaysia and was an important city for trading and exchanging.

Ex. Melaka was important for spreading Islam throughout Southeast Asia.

Mexica-IA

They were semi-nomadic people who lived in Northern Mexico. They built Tenochtitlan.

Ex. The Mexica were the main builders of the Aztec empire.

Minting of coins-AIE

Minting of coins means the process of producing coins. They were made to help with trade especially in the Silk Road.

Ex. The Chinese made the first paper money.

Monetization-E

It is the act of changing something to money.

Ex. Empires would make silver or gold the legal tender of their country.

Mongols-P

They were originally nomads of the Mongolian steppes. They were led under Genghis Khan to form the Mongol Empire.

Ex. They were the biggest land based empire ever in history.

Waru waru-I

Agricultural techniques of south america; combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion

Ex. This method was used for building potatoes and quinoa.

Muhammed-R

He was the prophet and founder of Islam.

Ex. He was not alive during this period but Muslims followed Muhammed's teachings and path to god.

Muslim-R

A person who follows Islam.

Ex. There were more Muslims because of Islamic conquest of rulers.

NeoConfucianism-R

The re-emergence of Confucianism from the Song Dynasty that blended Daoist and Buddhist principles and Confucianism.

Ex. It spread around China, Japan, and Korea.

Novgorod-G

Novgorod was the first important Russian city in modern day Estonia.

Ex. It was an especially important trading post as it was along a river and it operated as a merchant republic.

Urbanization-SI

An increase in the percentage or number of people living in urban settlements.

Ex. Many cities like Venice was growing because of job opportunities and housing.

Paper money- E

It is legal currency on paper developed in China.

Ex. The Mongol Empire introduced paper money to the rest of the world using the Silk Road.

Pathogens-S

Microbes that cause diseases.

Ex. The Bubonic plague was spread all around Eurasia because of the Mongol Empire.

Delhi sultanate-G,P

a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that included large parts of India

Fudalism-S,P

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and in return worked and fought for hem

nomadic pastoralism-S

people who do not move continually but move cyclically of periodically

Ex:most wild herd animals such as sheep and goats

Incan Empire-P,G

a kingdom that developed in the Andes region of south america

Italian city-states-G,P

a collection of cities on the Italian peninsula that declared independence from major ruling powers

Ex: Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome

Feudal Japan-P

a system in which lords gave favor in the form of land, titles, and prestigious offices to their subordinates in exchange for military service

Mit'a

mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire

Ex: road work, building bridges etc.

Mayan city-states-G,P,I,S

centers of population that served as specialized roles of administration, commerce, manufacturing and religion

Mongol Khanates-G,P

Regions held under control of Mongol Khans following the death of Chengkiss Khan

Song Dynasty-G

Imperial dynasty of china that ruled from 960 to 1279, great artistic achievements

Military obligations-P

nations or empires either mandate a period of military service or impose a draft

Ex:during times of war the united states starts a draft to support their army

Sui dynasty (581-618 CE)-P

short-lived Chinese dynasty that unified the country after four centuries of fragmentation

Tang Dynasty (618-907 ce)-P

Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Sui dynasty (581-618), developed a successful form of government and administration on the Sui model, and stimulated a cultural and artistic flowering that amounted to a golden age

Taxation E

When an authority imposes a financial obligation on its citizens or residents

Ex:Sugar Act of 1764: tax on molasses, sugar, and wine.

Traditions-S

Long established customs or beliefs that have been passed on from one generation to the next

ex;Thanksgiving being celebrated on the 4th Thursday in November in the united states

Little Ice Age-G

A period of widespread cooling from around 1300 to 1850. Average global temperatures dropped as much as 3.6 F

Champa rice varieties-T

quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season, drought resistant, played important roles in ancient and modern rice production

Chinampa field systems-T

An artificial cultivation system the is built in areas where water is the main natural resource. They are used to grow vegetables

Coerced labor E, S,

when individuals are compelled against their will to provide work or service through force or threats

Ex;slavery, debt bondage, traffficking

craft production-T,S,A

manufacturing by hand, with or without the use of tools

Ex: pottery, woodworking

labor taxes-E,P

the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions on labor paid by the business

export-E,P

Send goods or services to another country for sale

Ex:The soybean is commonly grown in the Midwest and is the us's biggest export in the food and beverage category

Guild organization-E,S

A group of craftsmen formed to promote the economic interest of their members and provide protection and mutual aid

Horse collar T,

A harness that used to distruble the weight of pulling a wagon around the horse neck and shoulders

Import E

Bring goods or services into a country form abroad or sale

Ex:Many countries import motor oil because they cannot produce it

Al-Andalus - GR

The Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

Ex: Muslim states that controlled the area in which modern Spain, Portugal, and France are at, various times between 711 and 1492

Arab/Berber camels - IE

Camels trained to carry vast amounts of supplies to travel and trade

Ex: The Arabs and Berbers used camels to transport goods for across the Sahara

Arabian Peninsula - PGER

The location of the Arabian peninsula gives it a role in the world oil and natural gas markets

Ex: The original homeland to the Arabs and It is the birthplace of the religion of Islam

Arabic language - R

It was spoken primarily across the Arab world.

Ex: Surfacing in the 1st century, it is named after the Arab people

Astrolabe - ATR

its an ancient astronomical instrument, It serves as a star chart

Ex: Originally from Greece but became a key astronomical instrument for the Islamic world

Baghdad - GS

It is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo

Ex: it was the most significant cultural center of Arab and Islamic civilization

Bantu migration - SEG

a large population movement over time from southern West Africa to Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa

Ex: the Bantu people introduced crops, like bananas and yams, in new areas

Bills of exchange - ES

an order to pay a certain sum of money to a specified person or entity at a specified time in the future

Ex: They were used to finance trade and the exchange of goods and services between merchants and buyers in different countries

Black Death - GS

A plague started by fleas killing 75 - 200 million people, one of the most fatal plagues

Ex: the bubonic plague pandemic occurred in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353

Byzantine Empire - RPIA

It was the continuation of the Roman Empire

Ex: Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature

Cahokia - R

a center of religious devotion and trade

Ex: first occupied in 700 CE and flourished for four centuries

Central Asian steppe horses - G

Horse only native to central Asia

Ex: Has been around since Genghis Khan

Calicut - PE

the Capital of Malabar during the Zamorin rule

Ex: Traded cotton and spices with Jews, Arabs, Phoenicians, and Chinese

Caliphates - RP

a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet

Ex: The first caliphate was recorded in 632 A.D. after the death of the Prophet Muhammad

Camel saddles - E

An invention that gives camel riders more stability on the animal and more stability for supplies to trade

Ex: Camels traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route to trade supplies with other merchants

Caravanserai - EI

an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa.

Ex: caravanserai provided shelter but also an opportunity for merchants and others traveling to trade

Checks - EP

Another way to pay somebody

Ex: a concept developed in the Muslim states (sakks)

Citrus - G

Can be found in some fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges

Ex: Citrus fruits spread throughout trade

West Africa - GE

The trans-Saharan trade route transformed West Africa by connecting it to the larger parts of the world

Ex: West Africa would trade gold, salt, copper, and more

Compass - TI

Helps navigate people in the right direction

Ex: Sailors would use compasses a lot when traveling for trade

Cotton - E

A soft fluffy material that grows in a warm environment

Ex: Was traded a lot along the trade routes

Credit - ES

allowed for merchants to buy or borrow goods to sell for profit

Ex: Allowed for a more easier way of trading

Dar al-Islam - GIS

a term used by Muslim scholars to refer to those countries under Muslim control

Ex: The region produced a lot of influential scholars, philosophers, and scientists

Epidemic - G

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Ex: The Black Death

Exotic animal - G

A Unique type of animal

Ex: The Indian Ocean trade was an important source of exotic animals and plants, like elephants, rhinoceroses, and tropical fruits.

Crusades- P

Series of Christian holy wars against nonbelievers

Ex. The Christian attempted to take Jerusalem from the Muslims by attempting to go to war with them

Aztec Empire-G

Major mesoamerican empire that developed in modern day Mexico

Ex. The empire was built on man made islands because the lands they inhabited were swampy lands

Peasant revolts - S

A rebellion taking parts across Europe in the late 14th century

Ex. A large group of london commoners stormed the tower of London to demand reforms from the King

Abbasids-SI

Member of the Abbasids Dynasty

Ex. The Abbasids promoted the arts, philosophy, and science, which led up to the Golden Age of Islam

Xuanzang - IR

Chinese buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator

Ex. Xuanzang translation sacred scriptures of Buddhism from sanskrit into Chinese

Viking longships-T

Type of scandinavian warship

Ex. How vikings would bring large amounts of people to raid places across oceans were by the use of these longships

Venice-GE

Popular city in Rome

Ex. Venice was a place where many people would come to trade and was also a staging area for the crusades

Porcelain-AS

Fine-grained and translucent ceramic wares

Ex. Porcelain vases were made in China and had art that expressed their culture onto them

Turkic language-GS

Language family that consisted of around 23 language used by the Turkic people

Ex. Several nomadic tribes adopted these languages, including the Mongols who even helped spread lots of these languages

Toltec-S

A member of an indigenous group in mexico before the Aztecs existed

Ex. The toltecs lived in mexico, in an area that the Aztecs lived in, but flourished because of another civilization.

Timbuktu-IGR

City in Mali and also known for Islamic Scholarship

Ex. Timbuktu was a muslim city that was a center of Islamic learning

Tenochtitlan-GRE

Capital of the Aztec Empire

Ex. Home to busy markets that drove tens of thousands of people, driving the Aztec economy

Serfdom-ES

condition of a tenant farmer bound to a hereditary plot of land

Ex. Tenant farmers, also at the lowest of the class, lived on this land until they could pay back their dues to people who were higher ranked than them

Swahili language-S

Bantu language spoken by the Swahili people

Ex. Swahili language uses several words from other languages, which made it easy for people to understand and learn, especially for trading

Swahili city-states-PR

Several city-states that lived along the Swahili coast and adjacent islands

Ex. These city states were independent of each other but significant to trade as they were commonly used in the Indian Ocean trade route. All the city-states were muslim

Sugar - T

Sweet crystal substance made from sugar cane

Ex. In ancient India, they invented sugar by creating a process using sugar cane, which allowed for more diverse trade

Southeast Asia-GS

Asian subcontinent home to 11 countries

Ex. Southeast asia is a diverse area with different languages, cultures, and ethnicities.

Terracing- T

Method of farming and soiling on hills and other sloped lands

Ex. The Inca used this farming technique because their land had many hills and this allowed them to grow food to feed their people and trade.

Sogdians-IG

Ancient East Iranian Civilization

Ex. Ancient civilization that lived on the silk road who also majorly influenced world art, culture, and trade

Spices-ES

Substance used for flavoring or coloring food

Ex. Black pepper was traded and used as currency for its value to food

Silk- TS

High-valued fabric formed in China from the cocoon of a silk worm

Ex. Chinese traders would trade their silk for other product, usually putting silk on the higher end of the scale for its high amount of work put into it.

Printing - T

Mass production of printed material from a template

Ex. Chinese craftsmen used printing to create a mass production of books that would be used to improve literacy in the population

Unfree labor - ES

A spectrum of enforced labor

Ex. Large number of slaves were traded across several trade routes for cheap labor

Precious metals - E

Rare metals with a high market price.

Ex. In Africa, salt traders would pay extra salt to obtain gold, a precious metal.