Biotechnology

Dna Technologies

Techniques used to isolate, purify, analyze, and manipulate DNA sequences

Biotechnology

any technique applied to biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose

Genomics

the characterization of whole genomes

Bioinformatics

tools application of mathematics and computer science to biological data

Genetically Modified Organisms

any organism that has its genome altered to change a genetic trait or traits

• have their genomes specifically engineered to introduce or change a genetically controlled trait, and contain recombinate DNA

Recombinant DNA

DNA fragments from two or more different sources that have been joined together to form a single molecule

Gene Cloning

when DNA cloning involves a gene

• one common method for closing a gene of interest is to insert it into plasmids, producing recombinant DNA molecules

• the Plasmids are inserted into bacteria, which replicate the recombinant DNA as they grow and divide

Applications of gene cloning

• Gene therapy or diagnosis of genetic diseases

• Production of pharmaceuticals

• Production of genetically modified animals and plants

• Modification of bacteria to clean up toxic waste

Restriction Enzymes

recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at specific locations within those sites

Bacterial Enzymes

Called restriction Endonucleases, are used to join two DNA molecules from different sources

The seqeunce of Nucleotides

• Read in the 5’→3’ direction

• Are the same on both strands (symmetrical)

DNA Fragments

Have single stranded ends (sticky ends) that hydrogen-bond with complementary sticky ends on other DNA molecules cut with the same enzyme

Sugar Phosphate Backbones of DNA

are sealed by DNA ligase (ligation)

Bacterial Plasmids

• Are examples of cloning vectors (DNA molecules into which a DNA fragment is inserted to form a recombinant DNA molecule for the purpose of cloning)

• Plasmid cloning vectors are engineered with two genes used to locate bacteria that incorporate recombinant plasmids:

  • The ampR gene encodes an enzyme that breaks down the antibiotic ampicillin

  • The lacZ+ gene encodes B-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes the sugar lactose

Gene Cloning

• DNA fragments and plasmid, both cut within the lacZ+gene with the same restriction enzyme, are mixed together with DNA ligase to produce recombinant plasmids