U.S. History I: Early Colonizations to 1877 CLEP Exam

Belief that non-human things possess a spiritual essence

Animism (Native American belief)

What is true of Native American societies pre-European?

Adapted to their diverse environments

Native American products pre-European?

Maize, hunted buffalo

Which Native American group was a mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies?

Iroquois

Why did Europe expand to the Americas?

Gold: Wealth, Glory: Power, God: Converting others to Christianity

Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, animals

Columbian Exchange

What animal dramatically changed Native life?

Horses

Who were the first countries to explore the Americas?

Portugal, Spain

First Spanish settlement in NA?

St. Augustine, 1565

Agreement between Spain & Portugal to divide up the Americas into west and east, respectively

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spanish system that gave colonists land and right to native slave labor

Encomienda system

People of mixed Indian and European heritage

Mestizo

People of mixed white and black heritage

Mulatto

Revolt in 1680 by Pueblo Indian called Popé, killed 100s of Spanish

Popé/Pueblo Revolt

Wrote "Just Causes for War against the Indians" that justified Spanish colonization

Juan de Sepulveda

Wrote "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" that talked about the mistreatment of natives

Bartolome de las Casas

Who were the first countries to use Native American and African slave labor?

Spanish and Portugal

Belief that colonies exist to enrich the Mother country

Mercantilism

When did England defeat the Spanish Armada and start their colonization of America?

1588

What was the religious affiliation of England?

Protestant

Stockholders invest in a company and share in the potential profits or losses from the colony

Joint Stock Company

Land given by the king to an individual or group

Proprietorship

What colony is referred to as the lost colony, where the colony is found to be deserted when their governor returns?

Roanoke

Where did the English first make their colonies, includes Virginia & Maryland?

Chesapeake colonies

First permanent English colony in NA?

Jamestown, Virginia

Who introduced the cultivation of tobacco to the English colonies?

John Rolfe

What was the first cash crop of colonial Virginia?

Tobacco

Worked for a period of time in exchange for passage to the colony

Indentured servants

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Headright System

What was the first form of representative governments in the early English colonies?

House of Burgesses

Series of wars between the English and Powhatan tribe. Powhatan largely defeated due to disease

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Ended the first Anglo-Powhatan war by marrying English settler John Rolfe

Pocahontas

Rebellion in 1676 due to frustration with lack of land (settlers couldn't move west due to natives), lack of political power, and Native American attacks. Nathaniel Bacon led rebels, killing Indians and burned down Jamestown

Bacon's Rebellion

What was the impact of Bacon's Rebellion?

Led to a transition to African slave labor, tension between social classes

Maryland act passed in 1649, guarantees religious freedom for all Christians (especially Catholics)

Act of Toleration

What was the cash crop of South Carolina?

Rice

Cash crop of the Caribbean

Sugarcane

What English colonies are characterized by colonization for religious motives, more families and mixed economy, includes Massachusetts

New England Colonies

First New England Colony in 1620, first settled by the Puritans

Plymouth, Massachusetts

Group that wanted to purify the Church of England, believed in predestination, settled in the New England Colonies, believed that social order depended on a system of ranks

Puritans

Group of puritans who wanted to break away from the Anglican church/Church of England

Pilgrims/Separatists

Signed by the pilgrims prior to arrival in the colonies, established a basis of self government

Mayflower Compact

Who led the Pilgrims to America?

William Bradford

What native leader helped the pilgrims survive in the colonies?

Squanto

Founded by John Winthrop in 1629, only religious freedom for puritans

Massachusetts Bay colony

Idea from Winthrop that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

City Upon a Hill

Called for the complete separation of church and state, forms the Providence, Rhode Island (first colony with complete religious freedom)

Roger Williams

A well educated Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island by founding Portsmouth. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Anne Hutchinson

Conflict in 1630s where the New England colonists wipe out the Pequot tribe

Pequot war

Military alliance intended to defend the colonies against potential threats

New England Confederation

1675 - conflict between settlers and natives, native Wampanoags under Metacom disliked European encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them. Signified the end of major Native resistance to the New England colonies

King Philip's War

Originally New Amsterdam, colonized by the Dutch, Charles II granted this area to his brother James

New York

Religious society of friends, pacifist group, rejected predestination, believed that every person had an "inner light" inside them, or a piece of God

Quakers

What were the qualities of Pennsylvania founded by William Penn

Liberal colony, Respected natives, Religious tolerance & freedom, Rights to women

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Salutary Neglect

Passed in 1651 that put restrictions on colonial trade, such as trade could only be carried by English ships, had to pass through English ports, and certain goods could only be exported to England

Navigation Acts

Implemented in 1686 by James II in an attempt to clump all the English colonies together and increase royal control, very unpopular to the colonists

Dominion of New England

The journey from Africa to America, very bad conditions

Middle Passage

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Passed in 1662, stated that individuals could become partial church members even if they did not convert

Half Way Covenant

A revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s, called for separation from church and state

First Great Awakening

One of the sparks of the first great awakening, "sinners in the hands of an angry God"

Jonathan Edwards

Credited with starting the Great Awakening; also a leader of the "New Lights." Introduced the idea that people could understand the gospel without a church intermediary

George Whitefield

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

Molasses Act of 1733

The overthrow of King James II of England due to the strict laws laid on the colonies. Limited the power of the British monarchy and led to rebellions against the Dominion of New England

Glorious Revolution

Case in 1733 in which a newspaper was critical of the royal governor of New York. Was concluded not guilty by colonial jury, and resulted in the idea that you could be critical of officials if the statements were true

Zenger Case

What was the first French colony?

Quebec, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608

What was the French's most common motive for colonization?

Fur trading

Differences between countries’ colonies

* Fewer European settlers from French, Dutch, Spanish


* Trade alliances with American Indians for French, Dutch, Spanish

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England. Treaty of Ryswick

King William's War

(1702-1713) Fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (modern Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain. Britain took Florida from Spain. Treaty of Utrecht and Portsmouth

Queen Anne's War

(1744-1748) England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

King George's War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French and their Indian allies for possession of the Ohio Valley Area. English won. War declared in 1756 (hence 7 Years’ War)

French and Indian War

Plan devised by the British and Ben Franklin during the French and Indian War to coordinate the war efforts between the colonies and get the Iroquois to join their cause. Plan was rejected

Albany Plan of Union of 1754

Ended the French and Indian War, granted England France's land in Canada and west to the Mississippi river. Gains Florida from Spain

1763 Treaty of Paris

Impact of the French and Indian War

* Britain set out to solve the large national debt incurred in the war
* Introduced a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods

1763 - Rebellion led by Ottawa Chief after the French and Indian war, rebelled against colonists taking their land and destroyed British forts

Pontiac's Rebellion

Act passed in 1763 that prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains into native land, angered the colonists, resulted from Pontiac's rebellion

Proclamation Act of 1763

Passed in 1764 by Grenville, reduced the tax on sugar and molasses to encourage compliance with navigation acts and stop smuggling

Sugar Act

Passed in 1765 by Grenville, required the colonists to provide food and housing for British soldiers

Quartering Act

Passed in 1765 by Grenville, placed a tax on a variety of legal documents & printed goods, repealed by Grenville’s replacement after backlash from colonists

Virginia Resolves

Passed by British Parliament in 1766 to save face after the stamp act was repealed; stated Parliament had authority over the colonies and had the right to tax them

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1767 by Townshend, put a tax on colonial imports such as paper, tea, glass, etc. Led colonists to create these goods themselves, which made British lose more money

Townshend Acts

Court document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods

writ of assistance

Written by John Dickinson to argue that there should not be taxation without representation

Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Event in 1770 in which British troops opened fire on a mob near the customs house, killing 5 colonists

Boston Massacre

Which colonial lawyer defended the British troops involved in the Boston Massacre?

John Adams

Organization founded in 1772 by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders throughout the colonies which organized resistance to British policies

Committees of Correspondence

Passed in 1773 by Parliament which gave the British East India Company a monopoly of tea to help the company from going under, lowered price of tea which hurt the business of smugglers, major colonial opposition (large amount of merchants and other influential people were smugglers)

Tea Act

Event in 1773 where members of the Sons of Liberty boarded British ships and dumped tea into the Boston harbor

Boston Tea Party

Passed in 1774 by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, closed Boston ports until the dumped tea was paid for, banned town hall meetings and reduced colonial legislative power, expanded the quartering act, crimes were put on trial in England. Colonists called these acts the Intolerable Acts

Coercive Acts

Colonial response to Coercive/Intolerable acts, called for colonists to boycott British goods until the intolerable acts were repealed, 1st Continental Congress

Suffolk Resolves

Passed by Parliament in 1774, extended boundary of Quebec into the Ohio Valley, established Roman Catholicism as official religion, maintained French policies within the region. Many colonists viewed this act as a direct attack on them.

Quebec Act

Representatives from all colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia to decide how to repair their relationship with England, support Suffolk Resolves, and start military preparations

First Continental Congress (1774)

Petition to the king urging him to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

First shots of the revolutionary war in Lexington in 1775; colonists: 70 strong, 8 dead, 10 wounded; British: 1800 strong, 1 wounded

"Shot heard round the world"

Met in Philadelphia in 1775, organized continental army with Washington as commander and sent Olive Branch Petition to King George III to seek peace and stop fighting

Second Continental Congress

First major battle of the Revolutionary War. It showed that the Americans could hold their own. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. Deadliest battle of the war

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

18th century movement that advocated the use of reason and thought and science, promoted individual over hereditary power

The Enlightenment

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the Enlightenment that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, called for creation of a republic

*Common Sense*