Overall points for extra practice

2 catagories of cofactors

inorganic metal ions

organic coenzymes

2 catagories of coenzymes

cosubstrates (temporary)

Prosthetic groups (permentant)

Serine protease AA

His: acid/base catalysis

Ser: Nucleophile; covalent catalysis

Asp: Stablize His

Important Hayworth projections notes

D enatomtor vs L enatomr tells us where the CH₂OH goes (D is up)

Right or left OH will be up or down (Right is down)

Have to be told beta or alpha

Ketones strart on C2 and aldyhyes start on C1

Catabolism factors

Break covalent

Release energy

G < 0

Oxidative

Anabolism factors

Form covalent

G > O

require energy

Reductive

Reduced and Oxidated molecules

Reduced: CH₄ (methane)

Oxidized: CO₂ (carbon dioxide)

Lactose vs sucrose

Lactose = reducing sugar (1,4 bonds)

Sucrose = nonreducing sugat (1,2 bonds)

What AA in covalent catalysis nmenomic

Hot

Young

Chefs

Keep

Safe

AA in acid base nmeonimc

Hot

Young

Chefs

Keep

Eating

Donuts

Competitive inhibotiors and K_M and V_max

Increase K_M

Vmax unchanged

non-compeititve ihibotiors and K_M and V_max

Unchanged K_M

Decreased V_max

uncompeititve inhibotiors and K_M and V_max

Decreased both

Mixed nhibotiors and K_M and V_max

K_m: Increase or decreased

V_max: Decrease

X and Y axis on lineweaver plot

X: K_M

Y: V_max

Covalent catalysis “what happens”

enzyme forms a temporary covalent bond with the substrate to create a reactive intermediate

K_I

Low K_I means tighter binding to the enzyme

Starch

storage of glucose found in plants

Linear + Branched

1,4 glc glc

Glycogen

storage of glucose found in animals

highly branched

1,4 glc glc and 1,6 glc glc

Proteoglycans

glycoproteins where the protein chains serve as attachment site for glycominoglycans chains

• may be transmembrane proteins or lipid linked

• glycominoglycans chains are on the extra ceullar side of the plasma membrane

How are glycoproteins linked

N linked via Asn

O linked via Ser, Thr

Proteoglycan function

spongelike action

strutcutal role in connective tissue

also known as mucins

Cellulose

Glucose 1,4

forms extended fivers that help with ridigity and strength in plant cell wall

form bundles with extensive hydrogen bonding

How is glycogen broken down

phosphorlysis

basically adding a phosphate to break the bond and keeping it

glycogen structure

bracnhed polysaccarhide with one reducing end

4 charactersitics of cellulose

1. Extensive hydrogen bonding

2. Linear!!

3. Highly extended fibers

4. Linked via glycosdic bonds

Where is glucosaminoglycans found

extracellular space

glycogen structure

contains twice the amount of branch points as amylopectin