music theory :3

Major Pentatonic Scale

remove the 4 and 7 from key signature scale

Minor Pentatonic Scale

remove the 2 and 6 from key signature scale

Major Pentatonic Scale

remove the 4 and 7 from key signature scale

Minor Pentatonic Scale

remove the 2 and 6 from key signature scale

Blues Scale

remove 2 and 6 and repeat 5 and lower it

Chromatic Scale

go up by semitones each time with # and down by semitones each time with b

Whole Tone Scale

go up by whole tones for an octave

I Don’t Particularly Like Modes A Lot

Ionian (+), Dorian (-), Phrygian (-), Lydian (+), Mixolydian (+), Aeolian (-), Locrian (-)

Ionian

major scale

Dorian

minor scale and raise the 6

Phrygian

minor scale and lower the 2

Lydian

major scale and raise the 4

Mixolydian

major scale then lower the 7

Aeolian

minor scale

Locrian

minor scale, lower the 2 and 5

Determining modes

Starting note, then find the key. Find the note of the key and count up from ionian until the end of scale

Minor Triads

lower the third

Diminished Triads

lower the third and fifth

Augmented Triads:

raise the fifth

5/3

6/3

6/4

Who funded Classical Era

royal courts in 1750-1820

Diatonic Melodies

melodies using notes within a single scale

Modern Orchestra

string section, winds in pairs, percussion section

Key Characteristics of Classical Era

• Use of homophonic textures.

• Development of sonata form

• Expansion of the orchestra, symphony/concerto

• Importance of the piano as a solo instrument.

• Focus on instrumental music, especially symphonies and string quartets.

• Cleaner sound

  Typical Multi Movement Work Structure

• Movement 1 – Fast: Sonata Form

• Movement 2 – Slow: a broad a b a form is common; sometimes a theme-variation

• Movement 3 – Dance; usually a minuet and trio, or later, a scherzo and trio; omitted in most three movement structures

• Movement 4 – Fast: usually a rondo; sometimes sonata Form

Primary singing genre in classical time period

opera

Recitative

provided narrative to the story

Aria

provides commentary or feelings to the plot

A typical first movement in sonata form included three components

• Exposition – presents the primary theme in the tonic key, followed by a secondary theme in a contrasting key, sometimes in a contrasting mood

• Development – composer’s imagination could flourish. This music was based on the prior material but there would be drastic modifications using Tonal centres, dynamics, rhythms, harmonies, and tempos

• Recapitulation – provided a return to stability; a return to the tonic key, and the primary theme

ROMANTIC ERA Time Period

1810-1920

Absolute music

music created for its own sake, not a funded purpose

Program music

music created to depict moods, images, stories, or characters

Homophonic

musical tension and to intensify emotion

Lieder

Arts songs short and poetic. Centered around keyboard

Characteristics of Romantic Era

• Experimentation with rhythm and meter (more syncopation, tempo changes, hybrid meters)

• Opera and Ballet become an important part

• Emotion Took Over in composers

• absolute and program music

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDEN - Classical

• Mentor to Mozart

• Taught Beethoven

• Helped make Classical music more popular across Europe

• Especially in England, as well as France, Spain, and Italy

WOLFGANG MOZART - Classical

• Child prodigy

• Came from Austrian aristocracy

• His father was a court musician

• Struggled financially

• Wrote over 600 compositions

• Died at 35

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN - Classical

• Bridged the Classical and Romantic eras

• Studied with Joseph Haydn

• Famous for powerful, emotional music

• Became deaf

• Wrote 9 symphonies

Johannes Brahms - Romantic

• Born in Germany

• Composer and pianist

• Friends with Robert and Clara Schumann

• Fell in love with Clara Schuman but very loyal to Robert

• Music is passionate, introspective, and full of lyrical melodies

Frederic Chopin - Romantic

• Born and educated in Poland but spent professional life in Paris

• Frequent use of rubato

• Elaborate, decorative melodie

Pyotr I’yich Tchaikovsky - Romantic

• Russian composer

• Created Swan Lake,Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker, and Romeo and Juliet

• thick, lush texture of the Romantic period orchestra

Giuseppe Verdi - Romantic

• Greatest Italian opera figure, national hero

• Famous in America

• Librettos were usually unhappy with tragic endings

Richard Wagner - Romantic

• German opera composer

• Fled Germany and moved to Switzerland

• Operas were more symphonic in nature – powerful brass instrument