Unit 3 AP HUGE

Modern (popular) Culture

Typically originates in economically developed regions or countries and spreads through hierarchical diffusion. Promotes individualism, is diverse, and is constantly evolving.

Folk Culture

Homogeneous, diffuses through relocation diffusion. Places emphasis on community, collective experiences, and family & religion play a central role in daily life. Aims to preserve traditional practices and often resist modern trends.

Ethnocentrism

Analyzing or judging a culture by the standards of ones own culture (Xenophobia, prejudice, negative stereotypes, and misunderstanding of culture).

Cultural Relativism

Analyzing or judging a culture based on its own values and beliefs, promoting understanding and appreciation of cultural differences.

Centripetal Forces

Aspects of a society that bring people together and promote unity (shared history, common languages, similar cultural values & beliefs).

Centrifugal Forces

Aspects of a society that divide people and promote disunity, (regional differences, language barriers, or conflicting cultural values).

Relocation Diffusion

The physical movement of a culture or group of people from one place to another,

Cultural hearth

The location in which an idea, culture, belief, or item originated.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait or group of people from one place to another through person-to-person contact.

Contagious Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait happens in all directions, without regard to social class, religion, or other cultural factors.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait happens through systems that are typically center around some form of power.

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

When diffusion starts at the bottom of the power structure and spreads upwards.

Stimulus DIffusion

When an idea, trait, or innovation spreads from one culture or place to another, but the original idea or trait is adapted to better fit the local culture.

Lingua Franca

A common language used by people whose native language is different.

Creolization

The process by which two or more languages or cultures combine to create a new third language.

Cultural Divergence

When people become separated from different aspects of their culture.

Cultural Convergence

When different cultures merge together to form one mass culture, oftentimes in the form of a modern or global culture.

Universalizing Religions

Religions that seek to appeal universally to all people and spread their teachings and beliefs to as many people as possible. Examples include Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Buddhism.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion, based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Hearth is in the Mediterranean. Spread through colonialism and missionaries (hierarchical diffusion).

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Its hearth is in the Eastern Mediterranean and it spread through trade, conquest, and missionary efforts.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). It originated in South Asia and spread relocation diffusion and trade routes.

Pagodas

Temples that are important cultural and religious landmarks and feature images and statues of Buddha.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of South Asia, founded by Guru Nanak. Diffusion is through relocation and missionary efforts, promoting equality and community service.

Ethnic Religions

Religions that are primarily centered around specific cultural or ethnic groups and often stay in one location, they do not try to convert other people. Examples: Hinduism and Judaism

Hinduism

Predominantly located in India, stimulus diffusion, and relocation diffusion. 3rd largest religion in the world. Sacred books - Vedas. Important words/concepts: Karma, Dharma, reincarnation, and the Caste System

Judaism

A monotheistic religion, originated in the Eastern Mediterranean, spreads through relocation diffusion.

Pidgin Language

a simple, common, combination of words

Language family spoken by over 50% of the population

Indo-European

Language that serves as official language of more nations than any other

English

Second most spoken language in the US

Spanish

Dialect

Regional variations that occur in the form of language based on local culture. Differences in spelling, vocabulary, or pronunciation.

Isogloss

A distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences.

Apartheid

the system of institutionalized segregation and discrimination that was enforced in South Africa from 1948-early 1990s

dowry and dowry deaths

dowry - transfer of wealth/goods from a bride’s family to the groom’s at marriage. Dowry deaths - murders/suicides of brides in South Asia often linked to disputes over insufficient dowries. Number is increasing (probably due to higher reporting of dowry deaths)

religion of south america

Christianity (Catholicism)

country with majority Shiite Muslims

Iran

Sharia Law

A system of strict Islamic law derived from the Qur’an and Hadith that influences the cultural, economic, and political landscape of a region.

three religions that began in Southwest Asia

Islam, Judaism, Christianity

Shintoism

ethnic religion of Japan with a strong emphasis on nature and ancestor worship.

languages of Nigeria

Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo). Official: English

Monolingual States

Japan, Iceland, Poland. Also Lesotho, Denmark, Portugal, Uruguay

Belgium nations and languages

Flanders - Flemish, Wallonia - French, Brussels (French and Dutch*)

ethnic neighborhoods (advantages)

reflect cultural attitudes and practices while functioning in a new culture.

Largest religion in the world

Christianity

Fastest growing religion in the world

Islam