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Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Warren
public schools cannot sponsor Bible readings and recitations of the Lord’s prayer
1st Amendment – establishment clause
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Warren
redistricting is an issue that federal courts can hear cases on
14th Amendment – equal protection clause
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Warren
the government can’t punish inflammatory speech unless that speech is “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action”
1st Amendment
Brown v. Board of Education I (1954)
Warren
U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional
14th Amendment – equal protection clause
Brown v. Board of Education II (1955)
Warren
the task of implementing programs to achieve desegregation in public schools belongs to the schools themselves
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Burger
while the government can limit how much individuals contribute to political campaigns, it cannot place limits on campaign expenditures
1st Amendment
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Rehnquist
Florida did not need to recount in the 2000 presidential election because it couldn’t be done in a constitutional way
14th Amendment - equal protection clause
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010)
Roberts
corporate funding of independent political broadcast in elections cannot be limited
2nd Amendment
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
Roberts
protected an individual’s right to own firearms for certain purposes
2nd Amendment
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)
Roberts
the Constitution doesn’t give the right to an abortion, and the authority to regulate abortion is returned to “the people and their elected representatives”
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Taney
enslaved people were not U.S. citizens and couldn’t sue in federal court
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Warren
the state cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if participation is not required and the prayer Is not tied to a particular religion
1st Amendment
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Marshall
the federal government has exclusive power over interstate commerce
Commerce clause
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Warren
U.S. states must provide attorneys to criminal defendants unable to pay for their own
6th and 14th Amendments
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Taft
the protection of free speech applies to state governments, but states can impose reasonable restrictions on speech that threatens public safety
1st Amendment
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Rehnquist
a public university using an undergraduate admissions policy in which race is the sole reason for awarding 20% of the minimum points required for admission
14th Amendment – Equal Protection clause
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
Burger
death penalty for murder was not in and of itself cruel and unusual punishment
4th and 8th Amendments
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Warren
protected the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on contraception
4th and 9th Amendments
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
White
held that schools could limit student speech in school-sponsored activities if the restrictions are reasonably related to legitimate educational concerns
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)
Warren
the government can prevent private businesses from discriminating based on race
Commerce clause
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Stone
the evacuation order violated by Fred Korematsu, an American-born citizen of Japanese descent, was valid
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Rehnquist
same-sex sexual activity is legal in every state and U.S. territory
14th Amendment – Due Process clause
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Burger
two states violated the establishment clause by making state financial aid available to “church-related educational institutions”
1st Amendment – establishment clause
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Warren
laws banning interracial marriage violate the equal protection and due process clauses
14th Amendment – Equal Protection clause and Due Process clause
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Warren
evidence obtained illegally may not be used against someone in a court of law
4th Amendment
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marshall
the principle of judicial review, which gives the federal courts the power to declare laws, executive actions, and administrative actions unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Marshall
Congress has the power to incorporate a federal bank and Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers
Necessary and Proper clause
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
Roberts
the right to bear arms is applicable to state and local governments
14th Amendment – Due Process clause
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Warren
an arrested individual is entitled to rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney
5th and 6th Amendments
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
Roberts
upheld the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
Burger
established that students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school settings, allowing for reasonable searches by school officials
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
Warren
to win a libel lawsuit, a public official must prove that the defendant acted with “actual malice,” meaning that they knew the statement was false or disregarded the truth
1st Amendment
New York Times v. United States (1971)
Burger
the President’s attempt to prevent the publication was a violence of freedom of press
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Roberts
all states required to license marriages between same-sex couples and to recognize all marriages that were lawfully performed out of state
14th Amendment – Due Process clause and Equal Protection clause
Oregon Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Rehnquist
a person cannot use a religious motivation as a reason not to obey generally applicable laws
1st Amendment
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
Rehnquist
the right to an abortion is upheld, as established in Roe v. Wade, and states cannot impose an “undue burden” on individuals seeking an abortion before viability
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Fuller
upheld a Louisiana law that required separate but equal accommodations for Black and white people on trains
14th Amendment
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Burger
a university’s admission criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection clause
14th Amendment – Equal Protection clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Waite
a federal law prohibiting polygamy did not violate the free exercise clause
1st Amendment – free exercise clause
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Burger
a person’s right to privacy extends to the right to have an abortion
14th Amendment
Schenck v. United States (1919)
White
freedom of speech and freedom of press could be limited only if the words in the circumstances created a “clear and present danger”
1st Amendment
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Rehnquist
race cannot be the primary factory in drawing congressional districts
14th Amendment – Equal Protection clause
Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
Roberts
ruled the preclearance formula in Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Rehnquist
burning the American flag is protected speech
1st Amendment
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Warren
students and teachers do not give up their First Amendment rights when they enter school
1st Amendment
United States v. Lopez (1995)
Rehnquist
the Gun-Free School Zones Act (1990) was unconstitutional because it is outside Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce
Commerce clause
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Burger
the President does not have executive privilege in immunity from subpoenas or other civil court actions
United States v. Windsor (2013)
Roberts
Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was unconstitutional and the federal government cannot discriminate against married same-sex couples for the purposes of determining federal benefits and protections
5th Amendment – Due Process clause
Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)
Warren
states must draw congressional districts of general equal population
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnett (1943)
Stone
students may not be required to salute the American flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance at public schools
1st Amendment
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Burger
Wisconsin’s compulsory school attendance law violated free exercise of religion
1st Amendment – free exercise of religion clause
What is the supreme law of the land?
the Constitution
What does the Constitution do?
set up the government/define the government/protect basic rights of Americans
The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words?
“We the People”
What is an amendment?
a change or an addition to the Constitution
What do we call the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution?
the Bill of Rights
What are the rights protected in the 1st Amendment?
speech/religion/assembly/press/petitioning the government
How many amendments does the Constitution have?
27
What did the Declaration of Independence do?
announced independence from Great Britain
What rights are listed in the Declaration of Independence?
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
What is freedom of religion?
the ability to practice or not practice a religion
What is the economic system in the United States?
capitalist/market economy
What is the ‘rule of law’?
everyone must follow the law and no one is above the law
What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful?
checks and balances and separation of powers
Who is in charge of the executive branch?
the President
Who makes federal laws?
the legislative branch → Congress → the Senate and the House of Representatives
How many U.S. Senators are there?
100
How long are terms for a U.S. Senator?
6 years
How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?
435
How long are terms for a U.S. Representative?
2 years
Who is the U.S. Representative for your district?
Jared Moskowitz
Who does the U.S. Senator represent?
all people of the state
Why do some states have more Representatives than other states?
because of varying populations
In what month do we vote for President?
November
If the President can no longer serve, who becomes President?
the Vice President
If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, who becomes President?
the speaker of the House
Who is the Commander in Chief of the military?
the President
Who signs bills to become laws?
the President
Who vetoes bills?
the President
What does the President’s Cabinet do?
advise the President
What are some Cabinet-level positions?
Secretary of (Agriculture, Commerce, Energy, etc.), Attorney General, Vice President
What does the judicial branch do?
review laws
explain laws
resolve disputes
decide if a law is constitutional
What is the highest court in the United States?
the Supreme Court
How many justices are on the Supreme Court?
9
Who is the current Chief Justice of the United States?
John G. Roberts, Jr.
What are some powers of the federal government under the Constitution?
printing money
declaring war
creating an army
making treaties
What are some powers of the states under the Constitution?
providing schooling and education
providing protection (police)
providing safety (fire departments)
giving a driver’s license
approving zoning and land use
Who is the current governor of Florida?
Ron DeSantis
What is the capital of Florida?
Tallahassee
Who is the current Speaker of the House of Representatives?
Mike Johnson
There are four constitutional amendments regarding voting ability. What are they?
citizens 18 and older can vote
you don’t have to pay to vote
any citizen can vote regardless of gender
any citizen can vote regardless of race
What are responsibilities of only U.S. citizens?
serving on a jury and voting in a federal election
What rights do only U.S. citizens have?
voting in a federal election and running for federal office
What are rights that everyone living in the U.S. has?
freedom of expression, speech, assembly and religion, freedom to petition the government, and the right to bear arms
What do we show loyalty to when we recite the Pledge of Allegiance?
the U.S. / the flag
What promises do you make when you become a U.S. citizen?
giving up your loyalty to other countries
defending the Constitution and the laws of the U.S.
obeying the laws of the U.S.
serving in the U.S. military
serving the nation
being loyal to the U.S.
What are ways that Americans can participate in their democracy?
voting
joining a political party
helping with a campaign
joining a community group
joining a civil group
running for office
writing to a newspaper
What is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms?
April 15
When must all men register for the Selective Service?
age 18
Why did colonists come to America?
freedom
political liberty
religious freedom
economic opportunity
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Flashcard (135)