Arthrology

A collection of flashcards focusing on the classification, properties, and movements of joints, as well as related pathological conditions?

Arthrology

The study of joints.

Joints

Places of contact between bones, bone cartilage, or bones and teeth

Fibrous joint

Bones held together by dense connective tissue.

Cartilaginous joint

Bones joined by cartilage.

Synovial joint

Bones joined by ligaments with a fluid-filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces.

Synarthroses

Immobile joints that can be fibrous or cartilaginous.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly mobile joints that can be fibrous or cartilaginous.

Diarthroses

Freely mobile joints that are all synovial.

Gomphoses

Articulations of teeth with the sockets of the mandible and maxillae. Fibrous and synarthroses

Tooth held in place by fibrous periodontal membranes

Sutures

Seams found between some skull bones that allow for growth in childhood. Interlocking irregular edges; become ossified synostoses in older adults. Fibrous and synarthroses

Syndesmoses

Joints bound by interosseous membrane, providing pivot for two long bones. Fibrous and amphiarthroses

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous joints are either what two types of

Both lack joint cavity

Synchondroses

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage; cartilaginous and synarthroses

Symphyses

Pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones allowing slight mobility. Cartilaginous and amphiarthrosis

Synovial joints

Bones separated by a joint cavity; most joints in body; all diarthroses

Basic features of synovial joints

Articular capsule and joint cavity

Synovial fluid

Articular cartilage

Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Articular capsule

A double-layered joint capsule surrounding synovial joints, containing the synovial fluid.

Fibrous layer

Outer layer of Articular capsule; formed broom dense connective tissue and strengthens joints to prevent bones being pulled apart

Synovial membrane

inner layer of Articular capsule; primarily areolar connective tissue; covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage and helps produce synovial fluid

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint; reduces friction during movement, cushions to absorb compression, prevents damage to articulating ends of bone

Synovial fluid

A viscous, oily substance that lubricates Articular cartilage and nourishes and removes waste from Articular cartilages Chondrocytes; acts as a shock absorber

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage on bone surfaces at joints that reduces friction and absorbs compression.

Joint cavity

Space between articulating bones lined by synovial membrane that secreted synovial fluid

Ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue that connects one bone to bone and stabilizes, strengthens, and reinforces synovial joints.

Extrinsic ligaments

Physically separate from joint capsule

Intrinsic ligaments

Thickening of the Articular capsule itself; include ligaments outside and within the joint capsule

Sensory nerves and blood vessels

Numerous in synovial joints; nerves detect painful stimuli and report on movement and stretch

Tendons

Composed of dense regular connective tissue; not part of the synovial joint itself; attach muscle to bone and help stabilize joints

Bursae

Fibrous sac-like structures containing synovial fluid that alleviate friction at joints.lined internally by synovial membrane and found in synovial joins where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together; connected to or separate from joint cavity

Tendon sheaths

Elongated bursae that wrap around tendons where friction is excessive; common in wrist and ankle

Fat pads

Act as protective packing materials in joint periphery; can fill spaces when joint shape changes

Uniaxial synovial joints

Bones move in just one plane or axis

Biaxial synovial joints

Bone moves in two planes or axes

Multiaxial synovial joints

Bone moves in multiple planes or axes

Plane joint

Articular surfaces flat; simplest least mobile synovial articulations; uniaxial - limited side to side sliding movements in a single plane

Hinge joint

Convex surface with concave depression; uniaxial- like the hinge of a door

Pivot joint

Bone with rounded surface fits into ligament ring; uniaxial- rotation and longitudinal axis

Condylar joint

Oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface; biaxial

Saddle joint

Convex and concave surfaces resembling saddle shape; biaxial

Ball-and-socket joint

Spherical head of one bone fitting into cuplike socket; multiaxial- permitting movement in 3 planes; most freely moveable joint

Gliding motion

A type of movement where two opposing surfaces slide back-and-forth or side-to-side; only limited movement possible in any direction; typically occur between plane joints (carpals or tarsals)

Angular motion

Increases or decreases angle between two bones

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones; in an anterior/posterior plane

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two bones; in an anterior/posterior plane

Hyperextension

Joint extended more than 180 degrees

Lateral flexion

Trunk of body moving in a coronal plane laterally; occurs between vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region

Abduction

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline.

Adduction

Medial movement of a body part toward the midline.

Circumduction

Proximal end of appendage relatively stationary; distal end makes a circular motion; movement makes an imaginary cone shape

Rotation

Bone pivots on its own longitudinal axis.

Lateral rotation

Turns anterior surface of bone laterally

Medial rotation

Turns anterior surface of bone medially

Pronation

Medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand posterior

Supination

Lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior

Depression

Interior movement of body parts

Elevation

Superior movement of a body part

Dorsiflexion

Talocrural joint bent so the dorsum of the foot moves towards the leg; limited to ankle joint

Plantar flexion

Talocrural joint bent so dorsum pointed inferiority

Protraction

Movement of a body part anteriorly.

Retraction

Movement of a body part posteriorly.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb toward the tips of finger; enables the thumb to grasp objects

Humerounler and humerradial joints

Elbow is a hinge joint composed of what two articulation

Knee joint; tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

Largest and most complex diarthrosis; primarily a hinge joint; capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding when flexed; 2 separate articulations are what

Talocrural joint; between distal end of tibia and fibula and between distal end of fibula and lateral aspect of talus

Highly modified hinge joint; permits dorsiflextion and plantar flexion; includes two articulations within one joint capsule

Arthritis

Group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joint; symptoms of joint swelling, pain, and stiffness

Exercise and joint health

Increases flow of synovial fluid to Chondrocytes; strengthen muscles that support and stabilize joints; in extreme, may aggravate potential joint problems and may worsen osteoarthritis

Gouty arthritis

Typically seen in Middle Aged or older males due to increased levels of uric acid

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint condition in older individuals due to wearing down of Articular cartilage; fingers, knuckles, hips, knee, and shoulders most affected

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder causing inflammation of the synovial membrane; seen in younger and middle aged adults, often women