Unit 5.2 Biochemistry for Health Science

What are carbohydrates commonly known as?

sugars

What are monosaccharides?

One single sugar

What are two examples of 5 carbon sugars?

ribose, deoxyribose

What are three examples of 6 carbon sugars?

glucose, fructose, galactose,

What are chemical isomers?

chem with same molecular formula

What are disaccharides?

two monosaccharides joined together

What happens during dehydration synthesis?

removal of waters

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

adding water

What is sucrose?

table sugar

What is lactose?

milk sugar

What is maltose?

grain sugar

What are artificial sweeteners?

not organic sugar molecules that taste sweet

What does poly mean?

Many

What are polysaccharides?

Many sugars

What feeds are high in starch?

Glucose

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

Cellulose, starch (amylose), potatoe

What is amylose?

starch

What is cellulose?

Makes up cell walls in places, indigestible fiber

What feeds are high in cellulose?

whole grains, veggies and fruits

What is glycogen?

Animals store glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

What are the four characteristics of lipids?

CH, not soluble in water, can be synthesized from sugars in cells, contain more stored energy than any other types of organic compounds.

What are characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

Contain more CH bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals.

What are examples of saturated fats?

Butter, lard

What are characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

contain less CH bonds, liquid at room temp, found in plants

What are tropical oils?

Palm-kernel oil, and coconut oil

What are prostaglandins?

Inflamed injured cells.

What is inflammation?

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain

What are triglycerides?

Fatty acids are stored in fat cells as these: C-Fa3

How do fat cells store fats?

As triglycerides

What are hydrogenated vegetable oils?

Synthetic butter

How many calories are in one pound of fat?

3500

What is x dextrose?

Supplements aimed at reducing stress and staying calm.

What is a phospholipid?

make up the membrane of cells

What does hydrophobic mean?

afraid of water

What does hydrophilic mean?

likes water

What is a phosphate group made of?

PO4

Where are phospholipids found?

the membranes of cells

What are soaps?

act as emulsifiers and cause fats to dissolve in water

What does emulsify mean?

dissolve

What is bile?

like green soap that acts to dissolve fats

Where is bile made?

fluid environment of the small intestine

What are steroids?

hormones made from cholesterol

Where are cholesterol synthesized?

liver

What is a hormone?

chemicals released into bloodstream that cause changes in the body activities .

Where is testosterone made?

In the testes

What is testosterone?

Male sex hormone.

What are the four functions of testosterone?

physical growth, energy production, hair growth, libida

Where is adrenal androgen made?

adrenal glands

What are two female sex hormones?

estrogen and progesterone

What is estrogen?

female reproductive hormone

What is progesterone?

pregnancy hormone

What does gestation mean?

pregnancy

Where are corticosteroids made?

adrenal glands

What is cortisol?

high blood sugar

What is calciferol?

made by skin

What is calciferol commonly known as?

vitamin d

Where is calciferol made?

liver

What two things things are needed for your body to produce calciferol?

sunlight and cholestrol

What are proteins made of?

CHON

What are proteins synthesized from?

100 or more amino acids

How many different types of amino acids are there?

20

What is a complete protein?

protein containing food that has all 9 essential amino acids in it

What is an incomplete protein?

protein containing food that lacks 1 or more of the essential amino acids.

How do proteins differ?

# of amino acids, types of amino acids, order of aa, calling of aa

What is a primary structure?

polypeptide chain

What is the secondary structure?

simple coiled strucutre

What is keratin?

makes up hair, nails, fish, and reptile scales

What is myosin?

protein in muscle cells

What is collagen?

makes up tendons and skin

What is tertiary structure?

globular strucutre

What are enzymes?

catalyze biochemical reactions

What is insulin?

lowers amount of glucose sugar in the bloodstream

What is growth hormone?

grows

What is oxytocin?

causes labor contractions

What are plasma proteins?

proteins that are in blood plasma

What is albumin?

maintains blood vessel

What are antibodies?

gamma goblins and inactivate foreign substances

What is the quaternary structure?

2 or more globular proteins intertwined

What is hemoglobin?

type of quaternary structure

What is sickle cell anemia?

genetic disease

How are proteins denatured?

Heat, change in pH, presence of certain heavy metals.

What are nucleic acids?

CHONP

What are nucleotides made up of?

nitrogenous bases and carbon sugars 5 and PO4

What are the five nitrogenous bases?

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

What is ATP?

high energy nucleotide that transfers energy between biochemical processes

What is RNA?

involved in protein synthesis

What is DNA?

forms the genes in chromosomes