Helping Behavior & Cooperation

Altruism

Helping others without expecting anything in return.

Bystander effect

People are less likely to help in an emergency if others are present.

Social exchange theory

We help others when the benefits outweigh the costs.

Reciprocity norm

The expectation that we help those who help us.

Social responsibility norm

The belief that we should help people who need it.

Conflict

A clash of goals, actions, or ideas.

Social trap

When people act in their own self-interest but end up harming the whole group.

Mirror-image perceptions

When two opposing groups see themselves as good and the other as bad.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that causes itself to come true.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that bring people together despite differences.

GRIT

A strategy to reduce tension between groups by making small, gradual steps toward peace.