ANFS 240: Quiz 3

Respiratory Functions

Respiratory Functions

transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, production of sound, olfaction, heat regulation

Upper Respiratory Tract Organs

nostrils, oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract Organs

larynx, trachea, lungs

Nose Components

external nose, philtrum, nostrils/nares

External Nose Types

nasal plate, rostral plate, nasolabial plate, other

Nasal Plate

carnivores and small ruminants, nose defined separate from lips

Rostral Plate

pigs, specialized for rooting, prominent

Nasolabial Plate

cattle, nose extends to lips

Horse External Nose

none of the categories, prehensile lips made of soft tissue

Philtrum

median groove that divides external nose, carnivores, small ruminant especially

Nares

nostrils, external opening of nasal cavity

Nasal Cavity

nostrils to caudal nares, dorsal to oral cavity, takes up most of the face, turbinate bones and mucous covering

Conchae

turbinate bones/bony scrolls in nasal cavity covered in specialized mucosa, warms air, traps environmental invaders

Nasal Septum

divides nasal cavity in half, bony ventrally and cartilaginous dorsally

Vomer

bony ventral aspect of nasal septum

Hard Palate

ventrally ridged bony floor of nasal cavity, 6 bones (both halves of incisive, maxillary, palatine)

Soft Palate

caudal soft tissue extension of hard palate, separates nasopharynx and oropharynx

Nasopharynx

caudal to nasal cavity, dorsal to oropharynx

Eustachian Tubes

auditory, outpouching of nasopharynx, middle ear, allows air to pass between middle ear to equalize pressure

Guttural Pouch

found in equids, large/excessive outpouching of eustachian tube between base of skull and atlas, cools blood running to brain

Laryngopharynx

caudal to naso/oropharynx where they combine, dorsal respiratory tract moves caudally and caudal digestive tract moves dorsally

Larynx

4 cartilaginous structures that prevent food from entering trachea, suspended from skull via hyoid apparatus, large role in vocalization

Laryngeal Cartilages

epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

Epiglottis

most rostral laryngeal cartilage, complete structure with mucosa, covers trachea by flipping backward when swallowing

Thyroid Cartilage

largest piece, u shaped, supportive, most rostral projection is adams apple

Cricoid Cartilage

solid ring shape, attaches cartilages to trachea, made of hyaline cartilage so susceptible to aging

Arytenoid Cartilage

paired pieces that move when breathing

Aryepiglottic Fold

fold of tissue between arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis

Glottis

below arytenoids, entrance to trachea

Vocal Cords

tissue from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage, narrowing and widening of glottis + vibration equals sound

Trachea

firm tube with dorsally incomplete cartilaginous rings, inner mucosal layer of pseudostratified ciliary epithelium

Mucociliary Apparatus

produces mucus as a barrier, cilia move foreign material up trachea for swallowing

Main Bronchi

trachea bifurcates into two main bronchi cranial to heart at 4th-6th intercostal space, large bronchi are structurally similar to trachea

Bronchioles

cartilage is replaced with glandular cells, muscle, and epithelium, very narrow, continues to branch into terminal bronchioles

Lung Surfactant

instead of mucus in terminal bronchioles, allows lungs to expand when filled with air

Alveoli

blind end of airway where gaseous exchange occurs, sac like structure surrounded by thin epithelium, closely associated with pulmonary capillaries

Lungs

left and right with larger/more lobed right, free except for bronchi and vessel attachment, expands when respiratory tree is filled with air, marshmallow like and should float in water/formalin

Lung Apex

cranial direction part

Lung Base

caudal direction part

Costal Surface of Lung

concave facing ribs

Medial Surface of Lung

uneven surface facing heart, trachea, esophagus

Dorsal Surface of Lung

closest to spine

Lung Lobes

defines by bronchi branches not fissures, cranial, middle, caudal, accessory lobes

Cranial Lobe

left and right, cranial and caudal parts

Middle Lobe

right only, not in horses

Caudal Lobe

left and right

Accessory Lobe

right only, only in pigs and ruminants, before main bifurcation

Pleura

continuous with pleura that surrounds heart, serous membrane around thoracic structures

Visceral Pleura

directly lines lungs

Mediastinal Pleura

lines heart and midline structures

Parietal Pleura

lines ribs and diaphragm

Pleural Cavity

potential space, only a few mL of fluid, negative pressure allows lungs to expand, breach would cause lung collapse

Avian Nose and Nasal Cavity

nares at base of beak, median septum, bony conchae, nasal gland

Nasal Gland

secretes salt and allows marine birds to drink sea water

Avian Larynx

only arytenoid and cricoid cartilage, arytenoid closes glottis rather than epiglottis

Avian Trachea

tightly stacked overlapping closed cartilaginous rings, longer than actual neck in long necked birds, loops around under keel, on the right side of the neck with the esophagus

Syrinx

membranous part of trachea and primary bronchi in birds that allows for vocalization, intricate syringeal muscles in songbirds, common location of obstruction

Avian Lungs

very small, no lobes or expansion, craniodorsal in the body cavity loosely attached to body wall

Avian Bronchi

trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi which split into 40-50 secondary bronchi then 400-500 parabronchi

Parabronchi

400-500, loops that connect bronchi, paleopulmonic and neopulmonic

Paleopulmonic Parabronchi

mediodorsal/ventral region, tightly packed

Neopulmonic Parabronchi

laterodorsal/ventral region, less regular arrangement

Avian Gas Exchange

extensions of parabronchi make air capillaries where exchange is, similar to alveoli but one way airflow

Air Sacs

thin walled blind sacs, enlargements of bronchial system, extends beyond lungs and closely associated with organs or bones

Chicken Air Sacs

cervical, clavicular, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal

Cervical Air Sac

single, small, ventral to lungs, extends along cervical/thoracic vertebrae

Clavicular Air Sac

single, large, within thoracic inlet, lobed, thoracic part around heart and extrathoracic part enters humerus

Cranial Thoracic Air Sac

paired, ventral to lungs, between ribs, heart, and liver

Caudal Thoracic Air Sac

paired, between caudal body wall and abdominal sac

Abdominal Air Sac

paired, contacts GI tract and kidneys, enters synsacrum and acetabulum

Cranial Air Sacs

cervical, clavicular, cranial thoracic, associated with paleopulmonic parabronchi

Caudal Air Sacs

caudal thoracic, abdominal, associated with neopulmonic parabronchi

Air Sac Purpose

respiration, air circulation, lightening body

Avian Respiration

air flow controlled by intercostal and abdominal muscles

Avian Inspiration

caudal air sacs receive fresh air, cranial air sacs receive deoxygenated air from paleopulmonic parabronchi

Avian Expiration

air from caudal air sacs to neopulmonic parabronchi, cranial sac air exhaled through trachea

Carnivore

high requirement for amino acids (taurine) and other vitamins

Omnivore

can create most amino acids and vitamins from other parts of their diet

Herbivore

eat mainly plant material, can obtain energy from high-cellulose plant materials, has digestive microbes

Carnivora

phylogenetic carnivore, cats and dogs

Perissodactyla

odd-toes ungulates, equids, tapirs, rhinos

Artiodactyla

even-toed ungulates, cattle, sheep, pigs, camelids, hippos, deer, giraffes

Mouth

most rostral part of digestive system, lips to pharynx

Mouth Components

oral cavity, walls, teeth, tongue, salivary glands

Mouth Functions

prehension, mastication, insalivation, aggression, defense, respiration

Lips

form/function determined by diet, skin, oral mucosa, muscle, tendon, glands

Buccae

cheeks, similar composition to lips, papillae along mucosa in ruminants

Buccal Cavities

food storage in rodents, labial or buccal vestibule

Gingivae

gums, oral mucosa that covers bone, should be moist and light pink or grey in ruminants

Red Puffy Gums

result of dental disease

Purple/Blue Gums

result of lack of oxygen

Bright Red/Deep Purple Gums

result of systemic disease

Teeth Differences

sharper incisors in animals shearing meat, flatter molars in animals grinding plant material

Hard Palate

bony roof of oral cavity, ridged soft tissue, between oral and nasal cavities

Tongue

muscular organ that takes up most of oral cavity and extends into oropharynx, tougher mucosa where it contacts food

Tongue Root

attached to hyoid bone

Tongue Apex

free moving, rostral aspect

Tongue Functions

prehension, lapping, grooming, manipulation of food panting

Tongue Papillae Types

filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate

Filiform Papillae

majority of papillae, no taste, long and narrow, caudally directed and cornified in cat