Psych Quiz 7

micro cheating

when people engage in contact through the internet with another person who is not their partner, sending nudes, forming intimate relationships, some people think porn can be this

Justin R. Garcia, James MacKillop, Edward L Allen

* 181 Binghamton students 


* Completed surveys and also screened for DRD4 gene on chromosome 11. This gene is correlated to impulse control issues (people with this gene tend to have gambling issues)
* 7R+ is associated with impulse control issues, people with this gene tended to have more sexual partners while being in a relationship
* No gender differences found, but within 24 hours the media said it was about women 

consensual non-monogamy

have multiple romantic or sexual relationships in which their partner is aware of 

open relationships

it is okay to engage in relationships with other people when in a relationship, can have rules and expectations from a partner. 

polygyny

men can have more than one wife 

polyandry

less common, multiple husbands 

swinging vs. polyamory vs. open relationships

* sexual social engagements with no attachments, usually establish clear rules and boundaries before the engagement .


*  Different from polyamory bc polyamory is multiple loves but in closed relationships with many people and does not engage with anyone outside of the relationships. Open relationships can be polyamorous.
* Gay male relationships are more likely to be open relationships, about 60% of them 

asexuality

* More women than men


* Estimate 1% of the population (70 million people)
* Variable
* May or may not be aromantic
* May or may not get crushes
* May or may not like kissing and/or hugging
* May or may not experience sexual feeling

AVEN

asexuality visibility and education network

characteristics of homosexual cohabitation

1. previously married men like to cohabit


1. Never married women like to cohabit

cohabitation vs. marriage

* Show traditional roles but lend to be more androgynous than married partners


* Cohabitation tends to be more varied in pattern
* Partners report being equally satisfied with cohabitation and marriage
* In Iceland, marriage levels are very low but cohabitation levels are very high

traditional marriage

marriage styles

stay at home moms, taking care of the house, dad is main breadwinner or only, dad is big decision maker

modern marriage

types of marriage

traditional roles are there but more subtle, (ex. Moms stay home with sick kids, only move to follow male partners job), 

egalitarian marriage

types of marriage

truly equally divided in terms of tasks (ex. If kids are sick either partner will stay home), marriage satisfaction is highest in egalitarian marriage

most common reason people get married

Love, legal benefits, companionship, having kids

Duel Earner marriages

* most common form today
* problems with this form


1. work overload
2. second shift syndrome
3. chore wars

world overload in duel earner marriage

women moved into the workforce but are still working in the home

second shift syndrome in duel earner marriages

go out to work for 8 hours and then have to work another shift at home as a woman because they’re expected to cook dinner and take care of kinds because of gender

chore wars

weekly house of basic housework by gender shows a significant difference in women amount of work vs men (but has improved from 1997 to 2005)

advantages to having children

* Warmth and affection


* Stimulation and fun
* Community status- in the US having children offers some level of prestige (being a parent)
* Meaning to life- is meaningful, effects identity, people deeply desire to have that meaning in their life
* Immortality- children will remember you long after you’re gone and pass information down about you
* Sense of accomplishment- being able to brag about their kids 
* Personal growth- good parenting involves being a good person for your kids (ex. Children make you a more patient person)
* Increase in family resources- people had big families because children worked in the family business 

disadvantages to having children

* Loss of freedom


* Worries about well being- parents worry about children well being constantly
* Interferes with job
* World is very unsafe
* Reduced time with partner 
* Loss of privacy- especially when kids start walking, time alone is gone 
* Fear that kids will turn out badly 
* Financial strain
* Is costs about $245,340 to raise a child (2014)
* 12-15k per year until 18

price of raising a child annually

12-15k per year until 18

factors that influence marital satisfaction after children

* Postponing childbearing


* Less traditional male gender roles
* Less isolation from extended family (non-western culture)

the climacteric

* Midlife transitions in which fertility declines

women in the climacteric

* Menopause- ovulation stopping, first cycles become erratic for about 1+ years, eventually stops, vaginal changes- hormone levels drop, walls of vagina get very thin, sex becomes painful, and hot flashes (experienced 47-85% of western women)- breakout in heavy sweat, respiration and heart rate goes up, feel panic

how is climacteric synonymous with midlife crisis?

People realized that they would not longer be able to have kids, aging is not viewed positively- scared of aging

* Our culture has traditionally viewed menopause as a disease that needs treatment rather than a natural process 


* Ther is currentlycontroversy about how menopuse should be managed of even if it should be managed

hormone replacement therapy

Premarin (stands for pregnant mare yearn)- would take horses and breed them and put a device on them to catch all of their urine, extracted and made synthetic hormones from it, replaces missing hormones in the body, marketed as if they were the fountain of youth, commercials about lost beauty and vitality, perspired as short term (many took it for long periods of time due to commercials)

advantages to HRT (hormone replacement therapy)

short term management of severe discomfort (hot flashes), may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, reduces coronary disease as a cause of mortality, may reduce the risk of colon cancer

disadvantages to HTR (hormone replacement therapy)

may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, dementia. All specially for women over 60. In 2003 they started finding people in the HRT group dying due to higher risk of these things so they stopped the study and published what they found to every news service. Huge public outcry and use of HRT plummeted. 

other health concerns for women over 60

* Breast cancer (1 in 8 women) - When to get the first mammogram? Recommendation is 40 but depends on family history


* Cervical cancer- dimishing largely because the HPV vaccination 

the Climacteric and men

* Decrease in the quantity of semen and sperm after age 40 and continues with age


* More common to find problems with erectile dysfunction
* 20% of men experience some degree of erectile dysfunction by age 60

viagra def and controversy

* affects blood flow and allows folks to maintain erections for much longer, changed attitude about erectile dysfunction


* Insurance companies almost immediately covered viagra, up until that point insurance companies didn’t cover contraceptives, people got mad and companies began covering birth control

How to prevent erectile dysfunction

* Work with your doctor to see underlying health conditions


* See your doctor regularly
* Stop smoking, limit/avoid alcohol, no illegal drugs
* Exercise regularly
* Take steps to reduce stress
* Get help for anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues

contributing factors to erectile dysfunction

* Vascular disease


* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* Smoking
* Surgery
* Nerve damage from smoke
* Endocrine imbalance 
* emotional/psychological 
* drugs 

Levinson’s Seasons of Life general idea

* Seasons coincide with eriksons stages
* Construction of a dream- thought young adults constructed a dream on what their future adult ideal self would be
* Importance of mentorship- in academia
* Noted that some adults focus on careers and others focus on family
* Women tended to split their dreams between both
* Men focused on career things
* Noted that around 30 they flip flop, those who focused on careers are more interested in family and vice versa 


* Work about midlife crisis showed that women was centered around empty nest syndrome, men’s midlife crisis focused on fear of aging and resorting to childish behavior

Villiant’s Adaptation to Life

* Also built on erikson


* Found that participants in their 20s were more focused in intimate relationship
* Career consolidation in their 30s
* 40s people become generative- contributing to community/family and younger folks (parenting, getting involved in church)
* 50s and 60s become keepers of meaning- often is a female, ones that keep all the family legends and lore, know all recipes and everyone in the old photos, family traditions, important for them to pass on that information to the next generation
* 70s- people become more spiritual and reflective

people in 20s

Villiant’s Adaptation to Life

focused on intimate relationships

people in 30s

Villiant’s Adaptation to Life

focused on career consolidation

people in 40s

villiant’s adaptation to life

people become generative- contributing to community/family and younger folks (parenting, getting involved in church)

people in 50s and 60s

villiant’s adaptation to life

become keepers of meaning- often is a female, ones that keep all the family legends and lore, know all recipes and everyone in the old photos, family traditions, important for them to pass on that information to the next generation

people in 70s

villiant’s adaptation to life

people become more spiritual and reflective

infantilizing

viewing adult like they are children

stereotypes about aging

* ageism
* View many older people are losing cognitive ability or experiencing demetia


* Absence of older folks in the media, much fewer than their should be
* In reality there is a wide range of individual diffences in aging

Alzheimer’s Disease

Dementia

Irreversible progressive brain condition that slowly kills cells in the brian, particularly the cells involved in memory, cognition, thinking, reasoning, problem solving, ability to carry out very simple tasks becomes challenging, there are early onset forms but symptoms usually appear in the mid 60s. (symptoms: forgetting who is the president, forgetting why you came to the store, forgetting how to get home, forgetting if you ate breakfast). Dangerous for them to live alone, usually a female relative or go to memory wards. Lasts about 5 years until the simplist tasks become difficult and is fatal

Structural changes during brain deterioration

* Neurofibrillary tangles


* Amyloid plaques develop
* Neurons stop forming, connections are lost, neurons die, memory fails, 
* Lower levels of neurotransmitters 
* Acetylcholine
* Lower levels of seratonin, can often lead to depression and also the knowledge of having a fatal progressive disease

Cerebrovascular dementia

changes to memory, thinking, and behavior resulting from conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain

fluid intelligence

things not typically taught, speed of processing, capacity of working memory, ability to detect relationships among stimuli (ex of abilities: number series, spatial visualization, figure matrices, picture series)

crystalized intelligence

things usually taught, can be instructed, experienced, good judgements and mastery of social convention (ex of abilities: vocabulary, general information, verbal analogy, logical reasoning) 

Differences in longterm fluid and crystalized intelligence

* Crystallized intelligence can increase your entire life by reading, crossword puzzles, sudoku, etc
* fluid intelligence stabilized at mid 40s and in some it drops

presbyopia

around age 60, the send loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances entirely

glaucoma

a disease in which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure within the eye, damaging the optic nerve

presbycusis

age related hearing loss

effect of calorie restriction on aging

* inhibited production of free radicals
* protected against chronic inflammation of body tissues
* reduced blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity, lessening the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease

inconsistent findings on if calorie restriction extended length of life, but it reduced prevalence of age related diseases such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, as well as decline in brain volume and sensory function and muscle mass.

* monkeys overall got more years of healthy life

HUMANS:

* 60-70% less deaths due to cardiovascular disease and cancer
* normal and overweight people who do calorie deficits for 1-12 years experience benefits like reduced blood sugar levels, cholesterol, blood pressure, and plaque accumulation on the walls of the arteries, and a stronger immune system comparatively

Depressive symptoms and menopause

* there is an elevated incidence of severe depression during the years of menopause that diminish after menopause.
* women with a history of depression are at much greater risk
* after menopause, most women who were very depressed continued to feel depressed
* women with no history of depression stopped feeling depressed after

hormone therapy

low daily doses of estrogen

2 types: estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for women who have had hysterectomies or estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

menopause as a biocultural event

* study done with 600 men and women. they described their view on menopause in the context of either a medical problem, a life transition, or a sign of aging. the medical context evoked the most negative responses
* in non-western cultures where old age is respected, there is less complaints about menopause symptoms (may be b/c asian nations report fewer discomforts/different symptoms)
* mayan women report menopause as a happy experience in which they feel young again because from a young age they are married and child bearing. they get menopause about 10 years early and do not get hot flashes
* greek women use birth control but view hot flashes as as discomforts that will stop on their own

Leading causes of death among people ages 45-65 (US)

* men are more vulnerable than women to each leading cause of death
* cancer is the leading killer of both sexes
* then cardiovascular disease, with men having a lot more numbers
* then unintentional injury

osteoporisis

happens when age related bone loss is severe, lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures

Type A behavior pattern

extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, angry outbursts, and sense of eagerness, hurriedness, and time pressure. Type As are more likely to develop a heart issue

hardiness

a set of three personal qualities- control, commitment, and challenge

effect on life adversities and happiness

* study done asking people which serious life adversities they have experienced and evaluated their metal health. then they returned for a measure of recent exposure to adversity and each year they returned with the form and a mental health evaluation.
* found that adults with small adversity faced had less psychological distress, less functional impairment, less PTSD, and greater life satisfaction compared to people with high adversity experienced
* experiencing modest adversity makes people better at responding to life stressors

Longitudinal trends in the six mental abilities

In all but perceptual speed gains increased until fifties and early 60s, followed by gradual declines.

* in perceptual speed, it decreased steadily from the 20s to the late 80s
* later in life, fluid factors decreased greater than crystalized factors

semantic memory

general knowledge base

procedural memory

how to drive a car, solve a math problem

metacognitive knowledge

how to maximize memory

practical problem solving

requires people to size up real world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty

generativity vs stagnation

generativity involves reaching out to others in ways that give and guide the next generation

* adults with stagnation experience may become self centered

Relationship of middle ages adults generativity to civic, political, and religious engagement

generativity in middle ages women (european and african american 55-59y/o) self rated generativity was rated high. with public service motivation being highest, then civic engagement, then political participation, then religious participation

Generative Adults and Telling Their Life Stories

* adults spit into generative group and not generative and asked to recall their life stories
* highly generative adults tell stories in which the babd turns good (brother getting hit by a car, husband being father’s son)
* less generative adults relate stories with themes of contamination, good scenes turn bad
* could be because some people may view generative acts as a way to redeem themselves (ex-cons) or think that helping the younger generation can lead to a better future

Levinson’s seasons of life (stages)

1. young- old
2. destruction - creation
3. masculinity- femininity
4. engagement- separateness

young - old

levinson’s seasons of life

* giving up certain youthful qualities, transforming others, and finding positive meaning about being older
* women are sensitive to aging because of looks
* bleu collar non-college educated men are also sensitive to physical aging

destruction- creation

levinson’s seasons of life

* person focuses on ways they have acted destructively
* past actions towards parents, intimate partners, and friends are countered by an intense desire to be generative through charity, volunteering, mentoring

masculinity- femininity

levinson’s seasons of life

* must better balance the masculine and feminine parts of themselves
* better accepting the opposite gender’s traits (assertiveness and autonomy for women) (nurturance and caring for men)

engagement - separateness

levinson’s seasons of life

* must form a better engagement with the outside world and separateness
* for people with careers this can be focusing on themselves over achievement
* women with children may move away from child bearing and look into a long desired ambition

life regrets most often mentioned by americans

1. romance
2. family
3. education
4. career
5. finances
6. parenting
7. health

possible selves

future oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming

self acceptance

more than young adults, middle aged peoples acknowledge and accept both their good and bad qualities and felt positively about themselves and life

autonomy

middle ages adults saw themselves as less concerned about others expectations and more concerned with following self-chosen standards

environmental mastery

* middle aged people saw themselves as capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively

age related changes in daily stressors among men and women

* younger age groups felt more daily stress than older
* women always had higher daily stress than men
* decline as work and family responsibilities ease and leisure time increases

five big personality traits

neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

neuroticism

five big personality traits

there people are worrying, temperamental, self-pitying, self, emotional and vulnerable

* they are not calm, unemotional, handy, self-content, even-tempered

extroversion

five big personality traits

they are affectionate, talkative, active, fun-loving, and passionate.

* they are not reserved, quiet, passive, sober, or emotionally unreactive

openness to experience

five big personality traits

they are imaginative, creative, original, curious, liberal

* they are not down to earth, uncreative, conventional, uncurious, conservative

agreeableness

five big personality traits

they are soft-hearted, trusting, generous, lenient, and good natured

* they are not ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical, and irritable

conscientiousness

five big personality traits

they are conscious, hard working, well organized, punctual, ambitious, perservering

* they are not neglegent, lazy, disorganzied, late, aimless, nonpersistant

feminization of poverty

a trend in which women who support themselves or their family have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty, regardless of age and ethnic group

kinkeeper

gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch

valued older adult

being perceived as a wise, helpful person

immortality through descendants

leaving behind not just one generation but two generations after death

reinvolvement with personal pasts

being able to pass family history and values to a new generation

indulgence

having fun with children without any major child rearing responsibilities

skipped generation families

grandparents live with grandchildren but apart from the child’s parents

* grandparents step in when parents experience hardships
* children do better in adjustment compared to divorced kids, form deep attachments to grandparents
* grandparents are burdened with expected free time taken away and are drained and fearful of what would happen without them
* report as much fulfillment in the grandparent role as normal grandparents do

sandwich generation

used to refer to the idea that middle-aged adults must care for multiple generations above and below them at the same time (their children and their parents)

boomers by work status and gender who provide for an ill parent

both non working men and women had higher rates of caretaking, but working women had a higher percentage than nonworking men

gains is use of social media by age group from 2005

* use of social media increased largely for all age groups
* most middle aged people use social media event hough they didnt as children
* mostly facebook

burnout

condition in which long term job stress leads to mental exhaustion a sense of loss of personal control, and feelings of reduced accomplishment

age related gain in job satisfaction from early to middle adulthood

* job satisfaction dropped in early adulthood
* in middle age, job satisfaction slowly rose

glass ceiling

invisible barrier that women and ethnic minorities to advancement in the corporate barrier

split dreams

tendency for women to think about family and carreer at the same time