Body Membranes

What is the function of body membranes?

cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

What are the 3 types of Epithelial membranes?

Cutaneous mem, mucous, and serous mem

What is the Connective tissue membrane called?

Synovial mem.

What is the only dry membrane called?

Cutaneous membrane

What is the Cutaneous membrane?

(skin) Dry membrane, outermost protective boundary, superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized strat. squamous epithelium, underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

What is the Mucous Membrane?

lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface, strat. squamous, simple columnar, and psuedo

what is the underlying loose connective tissues in Mucous Membranes called?

lamina propria

What is the serious membrane?

lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body, occurs in pairs separated by serous fluid

What is Visceral in Serous membranes?

layer covering the outside of the organ (touching)

What is parietal in Serous membranes?

layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity (outside)

what is peritoneum?

abdominal cavity

what is pleura?

around the lungs

what is pericardium?

around the heart

what is the synovial membrane?

the only connective tissue, lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints, secrets a lubricating fluid

what are the skin (cutaneous membrane) derivaties?

sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails

What is mechanical damage?

bumps

what is chemical damage?

acids and bases

what is bacterial damage?

infections

what is ultra Violet radiation?

sunlight

what is thermal damage?

heat or cold

what is controlled by the nervous system?

acids in body heat loss or heat retention

what layer is the Epidermis?

outer layer

What is the epidermis?

stratified squamous, hardened by keratin (protective protein) to prevent water loss, avascular, most cells are keratinocytes

what is the dermis?

dense connective tissue

what’s another word for subcutaneous tissue?

hypodermis

what is the hypodermis?

is deep to dermis, not technically part of the skin, anchors skin to underlying organs, composed mostly of adipose tissue

what is the stratum basal (stratum germinativum)

deepest layer of epidermis, lies next to dermis, wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together, cells undergoing mitosis, daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

what are the other two layers of epidermis?

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

what is the order of the layers from deepest to highest

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

what is stratum lucidum?

formed from dead cells, occurs only in thick, hairless skin of palms, hands, and soles of feet

what is stratum corneum?

outermost layer of the epidermis, shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

what is melanin?

pigment produced by meloncytes, mostly in the stratum basal, amount produced depends on genetics and exposure to sunlight

what color is melanin?

yellow to brown to black

how many layers is the dermis?

two

What is the papillary layer (upper dermal region)?

projections called dermal papillae (finger prints), some contain capillary loops, others house pain receptors and touch receptors

What is the reticular layer (deepest and thickest layer)?

blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors

What’s located throughout the dermis?

collagen and elastic fibers

what plays a role in body temp regulation?

blood vessels

what color is carotene?

orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

what color is hemoglobin?

very fair white/caucasian, red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

What is redness in alterations of skin color?

erythema, due to embarrassment, inflamation, hypertension, fever, allergy

what is pallor?

blanching, due to emotional stress, fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow

what is jaundice?

yellowing, liver disorder

what are bruises?

hematomas

What are cutaneous gland that are also exocrine glands?

sebaceous gland (oil), sweat glands, hair, hair follicles, nails

What are oil (sebaceous) glands?

produces sebum, lubricant for skin, prevents brittle hair, kills bacteria, glands are activated at puberty

what are sweat (sudoriferous) glands?

produces sweat, widely distributed in skin

what are the two types of sweat glands?

Eccrine and Apocrine

What is Eccrine?

open via duct to pore on skin surface, produces clear sweat, thermoregulatory

What is Apocrine?

only puberty along with seborous, ducts empty into hair follicles, releases sweat that contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

What are the functions of sweat?

mostly water, salts and vitamin c, some metabolic waste, fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only), excretes waste products, acidic nature, inhibits bateria growth, odor is associated bacteria

What is Hair?

produced by hair follicle, consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells, hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb

what provides pigment for hair?

Melonocytes

What are nails?

scale-like modifications of the epidermis, heavily keratinized, stratum basal extends beneath the nail bed

what are examples of Skin homeostatic imbalances?

Burns- tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, uv radiation, or chemicals

What is the number one associated danger of skin homeostatic imbalance?

DEHYDRATION, others could be infection, electrolyte imbalance, circulatory shock

What is the Rules of Nines?

way to determine the extent of burns

What is first-degree burn?

only epidermis is damaged, skin is red and swollen

What is second-degree burn?

MOST PAINFUL, epidermis and upper dermis are damaged, skin is red with blisters

what is third-degree burn?

destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless, burn is grey-white or black

What are critical burns?

Only determined critical if over 25 percent of body has second-degree burns, over 10 percent of body has third-degree burns, there are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

What is athletes foot?

Tinea Pedis, caused by fungal infection

What are boils and carbuncles?

Impetigo, caused by bacterial infection

What are cold sores?

caused by virus/herpes

What is contact dermatitis?

exposure causes allergic reaction to chemicals (latex, laundry detergent)

What is Psoriasis?

Cause is unknown, triggers by trauma, infection, stress

What is skin cancer?

cancer-abnormal cell mass/growth

What are the two ways skin cancer is classified?

Benign or Malignant

what is Benign?

does not spread (encapsulated)

what is Malignant?

Metastasized (moves to other parts of the body)

What is the most common type of cancer?

skin cancer

What is A in the ABCD Rule?

Asymmetry- two sides of pigmented mole do not match

What is B?

Border irregularity- borders of mole are not smooth

What is C?

Color- different colors in pigmented area

What is D?

Diameter- spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter

What is E?

evolve- spot has changed over time