Earth Science : MOD 1

Earth science

is the name for all the sciences that collectively seek to understand earth and its neighbors in space

Earth science

It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy

geology

Literally means study of earth

Geology

Study ofthe Earth’s general background or history

historical geology and physical geology

Geology is often divided into two broad areas which are

historical geology

Aims to understand the origin of earth and its development through its history

physical geology

Seeks to understand the process that operate beneath and upon the Earth’s surface

oceanography

Includes the study of the composition and movements of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor, topography, and marine life

Blue planet

Another name for earth because of it’s more than 70% surface is covered by water

meteorology (Or climatology

Is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate

meteorology (or climatology)

is the study of how climate will change in Response to global warming

astronomy

Study of everything in the universe beyond earth’s atmosphere

cosmology

Provide several hypothesis explaining the beginning of the universe

theories that have been thoroughly investigated and have gained the most support

The big bang theory, the cosmic inflation theory and the steady state theory

Big Bang theory

The current accepted model on the formation of the universe

Big Bang theory

theory that failed to explain how the universe was created

Big Bang theory

Describes the universe as expanding, and originated in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago

Big Bang theory

According to this theory, matter was not present at the beginning of time, there was only pure energy compressed in a single point called singularity

Singularity

Pure energy compressed in a single point

cosmic microwave background

The afterglow of the Big Bang

dark energy

This energy drives the continuing expansion of the universe

1894 - 1966

the fundamental statement of the Big Bang theory

Belgian Roman Catholic priest George Lemaitre

first proponent of the theory, suggested the idea of expanding universe

Edwin Hubble

Supported that the Earth was not steady, but expanding

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson In 1965

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB)

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

Claims that microwaves were present in space

The Big Bang

A violent explosion which caused inflation and expansion of the universe

The four fundamentals forces that were formed

Gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force

gravity

Attraction between bodies

electromagnetic force

Binds atoms into molecules

strong nuclear force

Bind protons and neutron together in the form of nucleus

weak nuclear force

Breaks down an atom’s nucleus and produce radioactive decay

300,000 years later

At this time light existed for the very first time

300 million years later

At this time stars and galaxies began to form

proponents of the idea of an expanding universe

• George Lemaitre

• Edwin Hubble

• Arno Penzias

• Robert Wilson

Vesto Slipher

In 1912 an American astronomer named ____ conducted a series of observation of spiral galaxies

spiral galaxies

Were believed to be nebulae

Alexander Friedmann

In 1912 a Russian cosmologist developed what are known as the Friedmann equations

Friedmann equations

This equation show that the universe was likely in a state of expansion

Edwin Hubble

In 1924 his measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebula showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies

Edwin Hubble

By 1929 he discovered a correlation between distance and recession velocity – which is now known as Hubble’s law

George Lemaitre

in 1927 a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest independently derived the same result as Friedmann’s equations

The Big Bang Theory

The idea of this theory seemed more theological than scientific

Alan Guth

An American physicist proposed a model of the universe based on the Big Bang theory

cosmic inflation theory

A short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard Big Bang model, such as horizon and flatness problems

Alan Guth

he incorporated the cosmic inflation theory

cyclic model

Another variation of the inflationary model

Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok

They developed another variation of the inflationary model called the cyclic model in 2022, which incorporated the ideas based on the superstring theory

Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi

These astronomers proposed the steady state theory

steady state theory

This theory predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density

stellar system

This is another name for star system

stellar system (or star system)

is a small number of stars that orbit each other

Immanuel Kent and Pierre Simon Laplace

They developed the nebular hypothesis in 18th century

nebular hypothesis

It presupposes that around 4.5 billion years ago, a star system was formed from a rotating cloud of gas or nebula of extremely hot gas

cloud of gas

This could also be called a nebula of extremely hot gas

nebular hypothesis

This theory suggests that the solar system is formed from gas and dust orbiting the sun

Victor S. Safronov and T.C Chamberlin F.R Moulton

They proposed and developed The planetesimal theory in 1941

The planetesimal theory

This theory describes the formation of the planets as asserted in the nebular hypothesis

James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys

They develop the tidal theory in 1917

tidal theory

is suggests that a star passed close to the sun