DBAS 712- Respiratory Tract

Upper respiratory tract

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Lower Respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Conducting zone

all structures trachea and above- circulate, humidify, and warm air

Respiratory zone

bronchi, lungs and alveoli- gas exchange

what epithelia is on gas exchange surfaces

simple squamous

Respiratory mucosa

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells

which conchae is it's own separate bone and not apart of ethmoid bone

inferior nasal conchae

opening to nasopharynx

choanae

where does V2 come out into nasal cavity to innervate teeth

sphenopalatine foramen

what are the nerves called that branch off of V2 and innervate the teeth

alveolar nerves (middle, posterior, anterior superior)

maxillary sinus floor has close proximity to

molars and premolars

proximity of oral and nasal cavity _____ with age

increases

in children, the floor of the max sinus is ______ to level of floor of nasal cavity

4 mm superior

In adults, the floor of the max sinus is ______ to nasal cavity floor

4-5 mm inferior

maxillary sinus drainage into nasal cavity occurs through _______

maxillary sinus ostium

Mucus drainage pathway of maxillary sinus

1. maxillary sinus ostium

2. infundibulum

3. semilunar hiatus

4. middle meatus of nasal cavity

5. posterior nasal cavity

6. nasopharynx

Odontogenic sinusitis

Sinusitis caused by dental infections.

majority of unilateral maxillary sinusitis is

odontogenic

sources of oral pathogens in nasal cavity

periapical cysts, endoantral syndrome

what is the concern for oral bacteria in the nasal cavity

olfactory nerve in nasal cavity is a direct passage to the brain; pterygoid plexus is direct passage to bloodstream

pharynx allows for passage of

food and air

pharynx

throat

larynx

voice box

larynx allows for passage of

air and voice production

airway narrowing is in what position

supine

pharyngeal airway obstruction can be caused by

anaphylaxis

Vallecula of pharynx

traps saliva to prevent constant swallowing, can be problematic for aspiration, can develop cysts/tumors

Opening to larynx

aditus

space between vocal cords

rima glottidis

Aditus boundaries

epiglottis anterior, aryepiglottic folds laterally

Piriform recess of larynx

fossae on either side of laryngeal orfice, site for food to become lodged

where are laryngeal nerves

deep to mucosa of piriform recess

clinical relevance of piriform recess

can trap fluid increasing aspiration risk

during quiet inspiration, rima glottidis is ______

triangular shaped

during forced inspiration, rima glottidis is _____

more abducted

during phonation, rima glottidis is _____

slit like (adducted)

Smoking, vaping, and intense heat does what to trachea mucosa

detroys cilia, mucus builds up in trachea and can accumulate in lungs, only be cleared by coughing

three layers of trachea

mucosa, cartilage, adventitia

cartilage rings of trachea are ____ shaped

C

Anterior relationships of trachea

infrahyoid m

medial relationships of trachea

esophagus, recurrent laryngeal n

posterior relationships of trachea

carotid sheath, parathyroid, inferior thyroid a, sympathetic trunk, longus coli

Which Bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical which causes a higher risk for aspiration

right bronchus

Lungs structure

3 larger lobes on right, 2 smaller lobes on left

lungs separated by

mediastinum

only ______ are apart of mediastinum

trachea and main bronchi

Bronchioles

terminal part of respiratory zone

alveoli

elastic fibers surround, thin, covered in capillaries

PNS stimulation causes

bronchoconstriction

SNS stimulation causes

bronchodilation

CN V innervates

paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, nasopharynx

CN IX innervtaes

carotid sinus, oropharynx

CN X innervates

pharynx and larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Gag reflex

CN IX detects, CN X initiates throat muscles to contract

Inspiratory muscles

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm

Expiratory muscles

internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis