[From Knowt] AP World History - Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Renaissance

A cultural movement in Europe characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement emphasizing the study of human potential and achievements.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century rejecting the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's practices.

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancements in science and mathematics during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Deism

The belief in a non-intervening creator who does not interfere in the universe after creating it.

Spanish Inquisition

A powerful instrument of the Spanish monarchy aimed at maintaining Catholic orthodoxy and expelling heretics.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance and rights to Huguenots.

Thirty Years' War

A destructive conflict from 1618 to 1648 in Europe fought mainly in the Holy Roman Empire, largely between Catholics and Protestants.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Islamic empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century until the early 20th century.

Mughal Empire

A prominent empire in India established by Babur, known for its cultural achievements and religious tolerance under Akbar.

National Seclusion Policy

A policy enacted by Tokugawa Ieyasu in Japan to limit foreign influence and control trade.

Ana Nzinga

A ruler of the Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba known for her resistance against Portuguese colonizers.

Haitian Slave Rebellion

A successful uprising from 1791-1804 against French colonial rule in Haiti, leading to its independence.

English Bill of Rights

An act passed in 1689 that laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England by limiting the powers of the monarch.

Cossack Revolts

Rebellions by Cossacks in modern-day Ukraine resisting the influence and authority of the Russian Empire.

Council of Trent

A council of the Catholic Church held from 1545 to 1563 that initiated reforms and addressed issues from the Protestant Reformation.

Francis Bacon

An English philosopher and statesman known for developing the scientific method and advocating empirical research.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press in the mid-15th century, facilitating the spread of literacy and ideas throughout Europe.

War of Spanish Succession

A conflict (1701-1714) in which European powers fought to prevent the unification of the French and Spanish thrones under a single monarch.

Kangxi

A Qing dynasty emperor in China who ruled from 1661-1722 and expanded the empire.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The feudal regime of Japan that lasted from 1600-1868, characterized by a strong military government.

Catherine the Great

Russian empress (1762-1796) who promoted Westernization and expanded Russian territories.

Taj Mahal

A monumental mausoleum built in India by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, representing the peak of Mughal architecture.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian astronomer and physicist who advanced the Copernican theory of heliocentrism and faced opposition from the Catholic Church.