anatomy final muscles and bones

pectoralis minor

abduction, downward rotation, depression

serratus anterior

abduction, upward rotation

trapezius upper

elevation, upward rotation, extension of head, & rotation of head

trapezius middle

elevation, adduction, upward rotation

Trapezius lower

Adduction, Depression, Upward rotation

Rhomboid

Adduction, Downward rotation, Elevation

Levator scapulae

elevation of scapula

subclavius

Stabilizes SC joint, clavicle depression, protraction

SG abductors

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius

SG Adduction

trapezius middle and lower fibers, & rhomboid

downward rotation

pectoralis minor, & rhomboids

upward rotation

serraratus anterior, all 3 trapezius fibers

Superior pole of the patella

Three vasti muscles of quadriceps originate on proximal femur & insert on patellar superior pole; insertion is ultimately on tibial tuberosity via patella tendon.

Gerdy's Tubercle

Iliotibial tract of tensor fasciae latae inserts.

Upper, Anterior Medial Tibial Surface

Sartorius, gracilis, & semitendinosus insert (Pes Anserine).

Medial Femoral Condyle

Semimembranosus inserts posteromedially on Medial femoral condyle; Tibial collateral ligament (MCL) originates on medial aspect of upper medial femoral condyle & inserts on medial tibial surface.

Lateral Femoral Condyle

Fibula collateral Ligament (LCL) originates on lateral femoral condyle very close to popliteus origin & inserts on fibular head; Popliteus originates on lateral aspect of lateral femoral condyle.

Head of the Fibula

Biceps femoris inserts primarily here.

Tibiofemoral joint

Classified as a ginglymus joint; sometimes referred to as trocho-ginglymus joint internal & external rotation occur during flexion.

Patellofemoral joint

Arthrodial classification; gliding nature of patella on femoral condyles.

Medial meniscus

Forms receptacle for medial femoral condyle; larger & more open C appearance.

Lateral meniscus

Forms receptacle for lateral femoral condyle; closed C (or O) configuration.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Job is to prevent anterior tibial translation relative to femur; one of most common serious injuries to knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Job is to prevent posterior tibial translation relative to femur; not often injured.

Fibular collateral ligament

Joints the fibula and the femur; job is to resist varus force.

Tibial collateral ligament

Maintains medial stability by resisting valgus forces or preventing knee from being abducted; injuries occur commonly, particularly in contact or collision sports.

Synovial cavity

Supplies knee with synovial fluid; lies under patella and between surfaces of tibia & femur.

Infrapatellar fat pad

Just posterior to patellar tendon; an insertion point for synovial folds of tissue known as 'plica'.

Range of motion

Extends to 180˚ (0˚ of flexion); hyperextension of 10˚ or > not uncommon; flexion occurs to about 140˚.

Screw home mechanism

NWB - Tibia ER on femur; 'locking' the knee in extension, or screwing it home.

Q Angle

Angle formed by the intersection of the central line of pull for entire quadriceps and the line of pull of patella tendon; normally, angle will be 15˚ or less for males & 20˚ or less in females.

Quadriceps muscle group

Knee extensor located in anterior compartment of thigh; consists of 4 muscles: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis.

Hamstring muscle group

Responsible for knee flexion located in posterior compartment of thigh; consists of 3 muscles: Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris.

Gracilis, sartorius, & semitendinosus

Join together distally to form pes anserinus; attaches to anteromedial aspect of proximal tibia below the level of tibial tuberosity.

Rectus Femoris

Hip flexion and knee extension; anterior pelvic rotation.

Vastus lateralis

Knee extension.

Vastus intermedius

Knee extension.

Vastus medialis

Knee extension.

Popliteus

Knee flexion and internal rotation as it flexes.

Biceps femoris

Hip extension/external rotation and knee flexion/external rotation.

Function of the foot

Support and protection.

Poor foot mechanics

Can lead to discomfort later in life.

Body weight transfer

Transferred from tibia to talus and calcaneus (tarsal bones).

Navicular

Bone located between talus and 3 cuneiform bones.

Cuboid

Bone located between calcaneus and 4th & 5th metatarsals.

Metatarsals

5 bones located anterior to tarsals.

Phalanges

5 bones in the toes.

Phalanxes in toes

3 phalanxes in each toe except the 1st toe which has 2 phalanxes.

Sesamoids

2 bones located beneath the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.

Lateral bone

Fibula is always lateral.

Distal malleoli

Enlarged and protrude horizontally and inferiorly.

Pulley for posterior tendons

Serves to increase mechanical advantage of muscles in performing inversion and eversion actions.

Peroneus brevis & longus

Muscles located immediately behind the lateral malleolus.

Tom, Dick & Harry muscles

Muscles immediately posterior to the medial malleolus including tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

Dorsiflexors

Muscles located anteriorly responsible for dorsiflexion.

Plantarflexors

Muscles located posteriorly responsible for plantarflexion.

Evertors

Muscles located laterally responsible for foot eversion.

Invertors

Muscles located medially responsible for foot inversion.

Lower leg compartments

Divided into 4 compartments.

Dense fascia

Tightly surrounds and binds each compartment, facilitating venous return and preventing excessive swelling during exercise.

Anterior compartment

Contains dorsiflexor group including tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus.

Lateral compartment

Contains peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, the two most powerful evertors.

Superficial posterior compartment

Contains gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris, which are plantar flexors.

Deep posterior compartment

Contains flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus, and tibialis posterior, all of which are plantar flexors and invertors except popliteus.

Sciatic nerve

Originates from the sacral plexus and becomes tibial nerve and fibular nerve.

Tibial nerve

Innervates gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

Fibular nerve

Divides into superficial and deep branches.

Superficial fibular nerve

Innervates peroneus longus and brevis.

Deep fibular nerve

Innervates tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius.

Gastrocnemius

a. Ankle PF

b. Knee flx

Plantaris

a. Week ankle PF

b. Weak knee flexor

Soleus

a. Ankle PF

Peroneus longus

a. Foot eversion. Ankle PF

Peroneus brevis

a. Food eversion

b. Ankle PF

Peroneus terius

a. Food eversion

b. Anke DF

Extensor digitorum longus

a. Toes 2-5 ext, MTP, PIP, DIP

Ankle DF

c. Foot eversion

Extensor hallucis longus

Ankle DF

b. 1st toe ext MTP, IP

c. Weak foot inv

Tibialias anterior

a. Ankle DF

b. Foot inv

Tibialis posterior

a. Ankle PF

b. Foot inv

Flexor digitoum longus

a. Toes 2-5 flx, MTP, PIP, DIP

b. Foot inv

c. Ankle PF

Flexor hallucis longus

a. 1st toe flx, MTP, IP

b. Foot inv

c. Ankle PF