Drug Use and Abuse Definitions - LTQ Ch. 5 Study Set

When Eliza visited a shaman, she drank a "magic" mushroom tea that made her see colors and visions - and she got so much clarity on her life's journey. A week later, Eliza read that the shaman was arrested for fraud and that the whole experience was a sham, including the normal grocery store tea that she drank. What caused Eliza's visions when she was with the shaman?

Drug expectancy

Which of the following are examples of conditioned stimuli associated with substance use?

Syringe, a bar, and a drinking buddy

The cell adaptation-homeostasis theory of drug tolerance is most helpful in explaining __________ tolerance.

protracted

A specified dose of a drug administered to a man and a woman on average will have greater effects on the woman. This is because of differences in __________.

body fat

The _________ is a set of ethical guidelines established after WWII to prevent human rights abuse in biomedical research.

Nuremberg Code

If an individual learns to compensate for their drunkenness by walking more slowly, this would be an example of _________ tolerance.

behavioral

Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?

Children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects.

In __________ tolerance, a person's tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs.

cross

T/F: The drug experience and the development of a substance use disorder are the result of a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and social factors.

True

T/F: Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.

True

Which of the following is a type of functional tolerance?

protracted tolerance

__________ is an increase in the frequency of a behavior when it results in avoidance of or escape from something.

Negative Reinforcement

Which of the following is a way in which new drugs are discovered?

(all) accidental observation of an unexpected drug effect, the synthesis of known or novel compounds, the rediscovery of folk usages of naturally occurring products

Studies have shown that young men who later developed alcohol problems were more likely to be __________.

impulsive

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that they used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of ___________.

protracted tolerance

Which of the following is thought to contribute to drug expectancies?

past use of a drug, advertising, friends' use of a drug, television

__________ refers to an increase in the rate of the metabolism of a drug, so that the user must consume greater quantities of it in order to maintain a certain level of the drug in their body.

Dispositional tolerance

What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

belief that a particular compound has clinical value

Some of the effects of alcohol are greater when blood alcohol level is rising than when blood alcohol level is declining. This is called ________ .

acute tolerance

Setting or context factors

have been shown to influence the experience of alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens; that may affect the drug experience include the presence or absence of people; that may affect the drug experience include the cultural norms of where the drug is consumed

T/F: Tolerance to effects of a drug can develop at different rates.

True

Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to a drug's effects are thought to be determined by __________.

genetics

Carla is known for being up for anything. She'll try any drug her friends have, will take on any dare, and will just hop on a bus sometimes to see where it goes. Carla would likely score fairly high on a scale measuring ____ .

sensation-seeking

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the contributors to the development of a substance use disorder?

Cultural norms do not play a role in the development of a substance use disorder

As a result of classical conditioning, previously neutral stimuli that have been paired with drug use may elicit _____.

the drug effects and/or the withdrawal effects of a drug

When Jane was younger, she drank alcohol for the buzz. Today Jane usually drinks in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. When Jane was younger ___________ was occurring and today _________ is occurring.

positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement