1.1 Atomic Structure

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29 Terms

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Atom

simplest particle of an element that can exist on its own in stable environment

<p>simplest particle of an element that can exist on its own in stable environment</p>
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Ancient greek model

Atoms are tiny solid spheres which cannot be divided

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JJ Thompson

Discovered electron and developed "plum-pudding" model

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Plum pudding model

sphere of positive charge, with negatively charged electrons embedded in it

<p>sphere of positive charge, with negatively charged electrons embedded in it</p>
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Rutherford

Carried out alpha particle scattering experiment and developed nuclear model

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Alpha particle scattering experiment

directed beam of alpha particles at thin sheet of gold foil suspended in vacuum, tiny flash is emitted if it hits screen

<p><span>directed beam of alpha particles at thin sheet of gold foil suspended in vacuum, tiny flash is emitted if it hits screen</span></p>
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Observations from experiment

most particles passed straight through foil but small number were deflected by large angles or straight back

<p><span>most particles passed straight through foil but small number were deflected by large angles or straight back</span></p>
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Conclusions from experiment

mass of atom is concentrated at the centre (nucleus) that had a positive charge

<p><span>mass of atom is concentrated at the centre (nucleus) that had a positive charge</span></p>
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Nuclear model of the atom

atom is mostly empty space with positively charged centre containing most the mass and electrons orbiting

<p><span>atom is mostly empty space with positively charged centre containing most the mass and electrons orbiting</span></p>
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Niels Bohr

suggested electrons orbit nucleus at specific distances

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James Chadwick

discovered the neutron leading to todays model

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Why was the neutron hard to discover?

has no charge

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Proton, charge and mass

positively charged particle found in the nucleus which defines the atom

+1, 1

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Neutron, charge and mass

neutral particle found in the nucleus

0, 1

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Electron, charge and mass

negatively charged particle found orbiting the nucleus in shells

-1, 1/1840

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Why are atoms neutral?

same number of protons and electrons that cancel each other out

<p>same number of protons and electrons that cancel each other out</p>
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Atomic number (Z)

number of protons in (the nucleus of) an atom

<p>number of protons in (the nucleus of) an atom</p>
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Mass number (A)

total number of protons and neutrons in (the nucleus of) an atom

<p>total number of protons and neutrons in (the nucleus of) an atom</p>
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How to calculate neutrons

mass number - atomic number

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Average atomic radius

0.1 nm (1 × 10-10 m)

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Average radius of an atomic nucleus

10,000 times smaller than an atom (1 x 10-14 m)

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Shells can hold

2, 8, 8, 2

<p>2, 8, 8, 2</p>
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Number of shells =

Period on the periodic table

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What are valence electrons?

Outer shell electrons which are involved in reactions

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Number of valence electrons =

Group number on periodic table

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Drawing electronic configuration

nucleus in middle, drawing circle around for each shell and electrons inside

<p>nucleus in middle, drawing circle around for each shell and electrons inside</p>
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Isotopes

atoms of same element with same number protons but different number of neutrons

<p><span>atoms of same element with same number protons but different number of neutrons</span></p>
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Relative atomic mass formula

isotope * abundance/ total percentage abundance

<p>isotope * abundance/ total percentage abundance</p>
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Why we use relative atomic mass

to accurately represent average mass of all isotopes in typical sample