Medical Interventions Unit 3 Test

Mrs. Jackson's Unit 3 Test Vocab

Apoptosis

The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.

Biopsy

The removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body.

Bone Scan

A test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism; test is performed to identify abnormal processes involving the bone such as tumor, infection, or fracture.

Cancer

A malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally and systemically.

Cell Cycle

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two.

Computed Tomography Scan (CT or CAT Scan)

A sectional 3-dimensional view of the body constructed by computed tomography.

Diagnostic Imaging

Technologies that doctors use to look inside your body for clues about a medical condition; includes X-rays, CT scans, nuclear medicine scans, MRI scans and ultrasound.

DNA Microarray

A microarray of immobilized single-stranded DNA fragments of known nucleotide sequence that is used especially in the identification and sequencing of DNA samples and in the analysis of gene expression (as in a cell or tissue).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of internal body tissues and is based on nuclear magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by the application of radio waves.

Oncogene

A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous.

Osteosarcoma

A cancer derived from bone or containing bone tissue.

Proto-oncogene

A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.

Radiology

A branch of medicine concerned with the use of radiant energy (as X-rays or ultrasound) in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Risk Factor

Something which increases risk or susceptibility.

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).

X-ray

To examine, treat, or photograph with X-rays.

Allele

Any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus

BRCA

Either of two tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that in mutated form tend to be associated with an increased risk of certain cancers and especially breast and ovarian cancers

Cryosurgery

Surgery in which diseased or abnormal tissue (as a tumor or wart) is destroyed or removed by freezing (as by the use of liquid nitrogen)

Familial Cancer

Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors.

Genetic Marker

Alteration in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder

Hereditary Cancer

An inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of developing certain types of cancer, often before the age of 50

Marker Analysis

A genetic technique whereby the sequence of the gene is not directly analyzed, but the mutant copy (allele) of the gene is inferred through analysis of a genetic marker

Microsatellite (also known as Short Tandem Repeats-STRs)

Any of numerous short segments of DNA that are distributed throughout the genome, that consist of repeated sequences of usually two to five nucleotides, and that are often useful markers in studies of genetic linkage because they tend to vary from one individual to another

Melanoma

A tumor of high malignancy that starts in melanocytes of normal skin or moles and metastasizes rapidly and widely, deadliest cancer

Model System

An organism chosen to study broad biological principles

Screening

To test or examine for the presence of something (as a disease)

Sporadic Cancer

Cancer occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances

Virologist

A specialist in virology, the branch of science that deals with viruses

Biofeedback

The technique of making unconscious or involuntary bodily processes (as heartbeat or brain waves) perceptible to the senses in order to manipulate them by conscious mental control

Chemotherapy

The use of chemical agents in the treatment or control of disease or mental disorder

Metastasis

The spread of a disease-producing agency (such as cancer cells or bacteria) from the initial or primary site of disease to another part of the body

Myoelectric

Utilizing electricity generated by muscle

Occupational Therapy

Therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life (as self-care skills, education, work, or social interaction) especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities despite impairments or limitations in physical or mental functioning

Physical Therapy

The treatment of disease by physical and mechanical means (as massage, regulated exercise, water, light, heat, and electricity)

Prosthesis

An artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body

Radiation Therapy

The treatment of disease by means of radiation (as X-rays)

Clinical Trial

A scientifically controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (as a drug or vaccine) using consenting human subjects

Controlled Study

Clinical trial in which the subjects are distributed into groups which are either subjected to the experimental procedure (as use of a drug) or which serve as controls

Double Blind Study

An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments

Nanomedicine

Area of biomedical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology to improve health

Open Study

Clinical trial in which both the researchers and the patients know who receives the drug and who receives a placebo

Pharmacogenetics

The study of the interrelation of hereditary constitution and response to drugs

Placebo

An inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)

Single Blind Study

An experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments

SNP

Variant DNA sequence in which the purine or pyrimidine base of a single nucleotide has been replaced by another such base (also called single nucleotide polymorphism)

What do high levels of AL and LDH indicate?

Higher than normal bone cell activity

What type of cancer does Mike have? Where is it located? What is done to treat it?

Mike has osteosarcoma (bone cancer) in his right proximal humerus. It is treated with chemotherapy and amputation.

What are X-Rays used for?

Imaging bones, teeth, lungs, breasts, heart, blood vessels, and the digestive track

What are the advantages and disadvantages of X-Rays?

Advantages: Quick, painless, inexpensive, and noninvasive

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Disadvantages: Radiation, possible allergic reaction to contrast materials.

What are CT Scans used for?

Imaging chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine, and other skeletal structures

What are the advantages and disadvantages of CT Scans?

Advantages: Painless, noninvasive, accurate, fast, able to image bone, soft tissue and blood vessels at the same time, can be performed if the patient has an implanted medical device

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Disadvantages: Radiation, contrast materials may produce and allergic reaction

What are other names for a CT Scan?

CT Scan=Computerized Tomography Scan

CAT Scan=Computerized Axial Tomography Scan

What is an MRI used for?

Images of the brain, spine, joints, abdomen, blood vessels, and pelvis

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an MRI?

Advantages: Noninvasive, no radiation, images of soft tissue are more likely to identify and accurately characterize diseases, contrast materials sometimes used to less likely to produce an allergic reaction

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Disadvantages: Implanted medical devices (metal) can cause problems, allergic reaction, confined space may induce panic or feelings of claustrophobia

What is a bone scan used for?

Images of the skeleton

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a bone scan?

Advantages—Noninvasive, extremely sensitive to abnormalities and variations in bone metabolism, can scan the entire skeleton

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Disadvantages—Cannot determine cause of abnormalities, radiation

What is a CT Technician?

Degree program then certification, give CT scans

What is an MRI radiographer?

Degree in radiology, perform MRIs

How does cancer metastasize?

Enters the blood stream through offshoots of the vascular system created to feed the tumor.Once they have entered the blood stream, they travel to a new location and began to multiply. Many cancer cells do not survive the process to metastasize. They can be killed in the blood stream by bumping into the blood vessel's walls or by white blood cells. In addition, their new location may be inhospitable.

What does the P53 hormone do?

Prevents cancer by regulating cell division, may be involved in apoptosis.

What are the steps of a microarray?

1. Remove mRNA from both cancerous and normal cells
2. Turn mRNA into complimentary DNA
3. Tag cancer cells as red and normal cells as green
4. Place each coding gene on its own dot (Complimentary DNA on microarray to make new genes stick)

What does green on a microarray mean?

Normal cells make more of that protein than cancerous cells

What does yellow on a microarray mean?

Equally expressed

What does red on a microarray mean?

Cancer cells make more of that protein than normal cells

What is a Pearson Correlation Coefficient?

Measures how gene expression levels from two genes go up and down together

What are the four types of risk factors?

Biological (physical characteristics), behavioral, environmental, and genetic

What are the two main types of skin cancer?

Keratinocyte and melanomas

What is keratinocyte?

Most common type of skin cancer. mainly occurs in sun exposed areas, starts in skin cells known as keratinocytes

What are the ABC's (ABCDE) of skin cancer?

A-Asymmetry

B-Border irregularity

C-Color changes

D-Diameter greater than 1/4 in

E-Evolving

What two genes are associated with a higher risk of breast cancer?

BRAC1 and BRAC2, normally tumor suppressor genes

What is prophylactic surgery?

Removal of one or both breasts

What is a Simple/Total mastectomy?

Removes nipple, areola, and all breast tissue

What is a Subcutaneous mastectomy?

All breast tissue is removed but the nipple is left, higher risk of later developing breast cancer

What is hormonal therapy?

Treats hormone-receptive positive cancers, blocks action of estrogen on breast cancer cells and lowers amount of estrogen in the body

What is HPV?

Causes abnormal cells to start growing, these can become cancerous, main cause of cervical cancer, also linked to throat and mouth cancer

What is the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Type of herpes known for causing mono, increases the risk for nasopharyngeal cancer and stomach cancer, no vaccine

What are Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV)

Cause a liver infection, increase risk of liver cancer, only vaccine for HBV

When do women need mammograms and how often?

Yearly at age 40

What are mammograms?

X-ray picture of the breast

What is a clinical breast exam and how often and when do women need them?

Doctor checks breast appearance, every 3 years for women in their 20s and 30s, every year for women over 40

What is a breast self-exam and when do women need to begin them?

Breast examination done by oneself starting in one's 20s

What are the options for a test examining the colon and when and who should have them done? What cancer do they screen for?

Flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, double-contrast barium enema, CT colonography, women and men over 50 every five years, except for the colonoscopy which is every 10 years. Examine the rectum and intestines, colorectal cancer and polyps

What are the options for examining the stool for occult blood and when and who should have one done? What cancer do the screen for?

Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test, fecal immunochemical test, and stool DNA test, men and women over 50, yearly except for the stool DNA test, which is every three years, colorectal cancer and polyps

What tests are needed for cervical cancer and who needs them?

Pap test (scrape cells from opening of cervix) every three years between 21 and 29. Added HPV test (cells examined under a microscope) between 30 and 65. Women only

What tests are needed for prostate cancer and who needs them?

Rectal exam (rectum is examined digitally) and PSA blood test (measures level of protein PSA in blood, high=cancer likely), men over 50, 45 with family history

What is biofeedback therapy?

Designed to help patients become attuned to the way in which the body reacts to stress and learn ways to use the mind to influence many of the body's involuntary functions

What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Fast growing cancer of the white blood cells

What are thiopurines?

Drug that work by interfering with DNA replication, and therefore, stop cancer cells from growing and spreading.

What does the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase do?

Involved in metabolism of thiopurines

What is the shotgun method?

Apply all chemicals to plates of cells to see reactions

How are drugs currently developed?

Find a protein causing the problem, design a drug to affect that protein

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What are respirocytes?

Type of nanotechnology that aids breathing. Use three sorting rotors, one to deliver oxygen, one to remove carbon dioxide, and one to take in glucose to power the machine.

What were the results of the Nazi Medical Experiments?

Caused passing of the Nuremberg Code, which established basic requirements for human experimentation.

Key Points:


1. Voluntary and informed consent of participants is necessary.
2. Experiments must be scientifically necessary and conducted by qualified personnel.
3. The benefit to science must be weighed against risks and suffering of human research subjects.
4. Participants should have the right to withdraw without penalty.

What were the results of the Thalidomide Tragedy?

Birth defects in children, passing of the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which empowered the FDA to ban drug experiments on humans until the animal trials for the drug's safety test have been completed and required informed consent of human subjects.

What were the results of Dr. Henry K Beecher's article "Ethics and Clinical Research"?

Described 22 examples of studies with controversial ethics and caused the passing of FDA regulation 21 CFR 130.37, which requires clinical investigators to certify informed consent.

What were the results of the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study?

Children at a mental institution in New York were intentionally infected with hepatitis with little choice about participation being given, caused passing of the Helsinki Declaration, which reinforces the Nuremberg Code and added three key points:

1\. The interest of the subject has higher priority than society.


2. Every subject should get the best known treatment.
3. Independent review of all human subject research is required. (Origin of Institutional Review Board (IRB))

What were the effects of the Public Health Service Syphilis Study?

Blacks with syphilis were experimented on in order to find a cure, dozens died, caused passing of the National Research Act of 1974, which created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral research and prompted the establishment of IRBs at the local level and required IRB review and approval of all federally funded research involving human participants