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What structures compose the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What is the general function of the urinary system?
Removal of waste products and regulation of water and electrolyte balance
What is the shape and location of the kidneys?
Symmetrical bean-shaped organs located alongside the posterior abdominal wall
What do the kidneys do to blood?
Filter blood and convert filtrate into urine
What is urine?
Liquid waste from the kidneys
How does urine travel after being produced?
It is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder
What structures make up the urinary tract?
Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Why are these structures called the urinary tract?
Because they transport urine from the kidneys to outside the body
What waste products do the kidneys remove?
Metabolic wastes such as urea and uric acids
Why is waste removal by the kidneys important?
It prevents waste from reaching toxic levels in the blood
How do kidneys regulate ion levels?
By controlling blood ion balance and eliminating ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in urine
How do kidneys regulate acid-base balance?
By altering blood levels of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions through urine excretion
How do kidneys regulate blood pressure?
Through excretion of fluid in urine and release of renin
What is the relationship between fluid loss and blood pressure?
Regulation of fluid lost in urine regulates blood volume
What enzyme do kidneys release for blood pressure regulation?
Renin
What does angiotensin II do?
Increases blood pressure
What happens to biologically active molecules in the kidneys?
They are filtered from the blood, not reclaimed, and become part of urine
What is calcitriol?
The active form of vitamin D3
What does calcitriol do?
Increases absorption of calcium from the small intestine to raise blood calcium levels
What role do kidneys play in calcitriol formation?
They synthesize the final enzyme in its formation
How do kidneys respond to low blood oxygen levels?
They secrete erythropoietin (EPO)
What does erythropoietin do?
Stimulates erythropoiesis
What is erythropoiesis?
Increased production of erythrocytes in red bone marrow
When is gluconeogenesis initiated?
During prolonged starvation or fasting
What do kidneys do during gluconeogenesis?
Produce glucose from noncarbohydrate sources