MCAT Behavioral Sciences Review - Ch. 5+6: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress; Identity and Personality

Motivation

Motivation
Appetite
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Instinct theory
Instincts
Arousal theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
Drive reduction theory
Drives
Primary drives
Homeostasis
Negative feedback loop
Secondary drives
Need-based theories
Primary needs
Secondary needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
Self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness)

Additional Theories and Applications

Incentive theory
Expectancy-value theory
Opponent-Process Theory
Tolerance

Three Elements of Emotion

Physiological + Behavioral + Cognitive response
Universal emotions
Evolutionary perspective

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion/cognitive arousal theory/two-factor theory

Limbic system

Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Fornix
Emotional memory
Prefrontal cortex
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
Autonomic nervous system

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress

Primary appraisal
Secondary appraisal (harm, threat, challenge)
Reappraisal
Stressor
Distress/eustress
Social readjustment rating scale

Physiological Response to Stressors

General adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

Coping and Stress Management

Problem-focused strategies
Emotionally-focused strategies

Self-Concept and Identity

Self-concept
Self-schema
Gender identity
Androgyny
Undifferentiated
Ethnic identity
Nationality

Other types of identities

Hierarchy of salience

Self-evaluation

Self-discrepancy theory
Actual vs. ideal vs. ought self
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Overconfidence
Learned helplessness
Locus of control

Psychosexual Development

Libido
Fixation
Neurosis
Oral + anal + phallic + latency + genital
Sublimates
Penis envy

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair

Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning

Heinz dilemma
Preconventional morality
Obedience stage
Self-interest/instrumental relativist stage
Conventional morality
Conformity stage
Law and order stage
Postconventional morality
Social contract
Universal human ethics

Vygotsky: Cultural and Biosocial Development

Zone of proximal development

The Influence of Others on Identity

Role-taking
Theory of mind
Looking-glass self
Reference group

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories of personality

Sigmund Freud

Id
Pleasure principle
Primary process
Wish fulfillment
Ego
Reality principle
Secondary process
Superego
Conscience
Ego-ideal
Preconscious
Unconscious
Instinct
Defense mechanism
Repression
Suppression
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Rorshach inkblot test
Thematic apperception test
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation

Carl Jung

Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Persona
Anima
Animus
Shadow
Self
Word association testing
Extraversion vs. introversion
Sensing vs. intuiting
Thinking vs. feeling
Myers-Briggs type inventory (MBTI)

Other Psychoanalysts

Alfred Adler
Inferiority complex
Creative self
Style of life
Fictional finalism

Karen Horney

Neurotic needs
Basic anxiety
Object relations theory

The Humanistic Perspective

Humanistic/phenomenological theorists
Gestalt therapy
Force field theory
Peak experiences
Personal construct psychology
Client-centered + person-centered + nondirective therapy
Unconditional positive regard

The Type and Trait Perspectives

Type theorists
Trait theorists
Personality types
Humors
Somatotypes
Type A vs. Type B
Traits
PEN model (psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism)
Big Five: OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
Negative affect
Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits
Functional autonomy
N-Ach

Other Theories of Personality

Behaviorist
Token economies
Social cognitive perspective
Reciprocal determinism
Biological perspective
Dispositional approach
Situational approach