royalism in scotland

attitudes in scotland

• ambivalence of attitudes towards the Rump

• scots rejected english Parliament, proposal to break the ties between the two countries as an entirely, under the rule of charles I

scots decision

• Scots stuck to their Covenant

  • moral and religious obligation that bound them to the restoration of Charles II as the heir to britain and ireland

• The Scottish interpretation of their faithful service would open a renewed war, this time between Scotland and England over the future of Britain.

Conditions placed on Charles Stuart by the Scots

• scots loyal to stuarts but needed to be moderated by good sense and legal guarantees

• swore allegiance to their new king while innovating in the terms with which they did so

• passed an Act that defined his constitutional position - until charles agreed to the innovatory terms he would be refused entry into scotland + only monarch in title

innovatory terms

• Subscribe to and sustain the National and Solemn League and Covenants.

• Maintain the Scottish Presbyterian church settlement.

• Establish a Presbyterian settlement in England and Ireland, which meant repudiating the second Ormond Agreement.

charles and the montrose rising

• hoped that a show of military force improves his negotiating position

• enables him to reach an agreement that preserved more royal prerogative and enforced a tighter definition of allegiance onto his Scottish subjects

montrose rising events

• early 1650, hoping to ignite a traditional Royalist revival, the Marquis of Montrose led a small force of mercenaries in an attempt to raise the Highland clans and thereafter sweep Charles into a coronation in Edinburgh

• forces crossed onto the Scottish mainland but there was little will to rise among the clans

montrose rising consequence

• army was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale and the Marquis himself was captured and would be executed on 21 May. Charles Stuart rapidly distanced himself from Montrose.

why does charles consider the scottish parliaments terms for settlement

• With the failure of the Montrose Rising and the collapse of Ormond’s resistance in Ireland

• place limitations on his prerogative powers

treaty of breda terms

• Compulsory subscription to the Covenant

• King and family to become Presbyterian

• No toleration for Catholicism in any of the kingdoms

• Recognition of the Covenanters-dominated Scottish Parliament and all its Acts since 1641

• All recent treaties to be annulled (this included the Ormond Agreement).

confirmation of the treaty of breda

• need for support outweighed his scruples and the settlement was signed as the Treaty of Breda on 1st May 1650

what pre-empts the battle of dunbar

• the prospect of a king in the north, the English Parliament decided to dispatch an army in a pre-emptive invasion of Scotland

what causes fairfax to resign

• prospect of another war—this time against his Old Scottish allies—was too much and he retired to his country estate.

who replaces fairfax

• Oliver Cromwell now replaced Fairfax at the pinnacle of the New Model Army

• new Lord General

• led 7500 foot soldiers and 3500 cavalry up to Scotland where they were faced by the veteran army of David Leslie, the hero of Marston Moor.

battle of dunbar events

• Leslie commanded 22,000 Scottish troops and initially held the advantage.

• He cut off Cromwell’s supplies using scorched-earth tactics and trapped the New Model Army near Dunbar.

• Cromwell warned the English garrison at Newcastle to prepare for a possible invasion.

• On the night of 2 September, Cromwell executed a surprise outflanking maneuver.

• He attacked the Scots at dawn, catching them completely off guard.

• The Scottish army broke and fled in confusion.

• The victory was decisive and allowed Cromwell to occupy Edinburgh.