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Refraction
The bending of light as it passes through different objects or materials.
Lens
A transparent object that transmits light to focus it onto the retina.
Pupil
The opening in the eye that allows light to pass through.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, including visible and invisible light.
Transverse Waves
Waves in which particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Longitudinal Waves
Waves in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave.
Gamma Rays
High-frequency electromagnetic radiation that is harmful.
Divergence
The process by which a concave lens spreads light outwards.
Conduction
The transfer of heat from a hotter area to a cooler area through solids.
Insulators
Materials that are poor conductors of heat and/or electricity.
Emit
To give out, as in the emission of energy or radiation.
Gas Exchange
The process of inhaling oxygen into the lungs and exhaling carbon dioxide out of the body.
Breathing System
The organs involved in the process of breathing, including the lungs, heart, mouth, nose, brain, and others.
Recreational Drugs
Substances like cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, cannabis, and laughing gas used for non-medicinal purposes.
Medicinal Drugs
Substances like insulin, paracetamol, and antibiotics used for medical treatment.
Alcohol
A chemical compound, ethanol, found in alcoholic drinks that acts as a depressant on the nervous system.
Nutrients
Essential components like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, fiber, and water required for the body's proper functioning.
Digestive System
The system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption and energy production.
Elements
The simplest substances in the universe, composed of atoms, which are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms and Compounds
Atoms are the smallest parts of elements, while compounds are substances made of two or more different elements.
Polymers
Materials made from long chains of repeating molecules called monomers, with carbon atoms forming the backbone.
Group 1 Elements
Alkali metals like lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, becoming more reactive down the group.
Group 7 Elements
Halogens like fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, nonmetals with specific properties and reactivity.
Group 0 Elements
Noble gases like helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, unreactive due to complete outer electron shells.
Compound
A substance composed of two or more identical molecules
Atoms
Basic units of matter
Exothermic
Reactions that release energy to the surroundings
Conservation of Mass
The principle that mass is conserved in a chemical reaction
Products
Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction
Thermal Decomposition
Breaking down of a compound when heated
Energy Level Diagrams
Diagrams showing the energy changes in a reaction
Genetics
The study of genes and heredity
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material in cells
Inheritance
The passing of genetic information from parents to offspring
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Genetic Modification
Inserting foreign genes into organisms to produce desired traits
Friction
The force that opposes motion
Pressure
Force per unit area
Electromagnetism
The interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields
Conductors
Materials that allow the flow of electric charge
Insulators
Materials that inhibit the flow of electric charge
Circuits
Paths through which electric current can flow
Parallel
Circuit arrangement where components are connected in parallel
Voltage
The potential difference in charge between two points, measured in volts (V).
Conductors
Materials that allow the flow of electricity and heat, characterized by the presence of free electrons.
Insulators
Materials that do not allow the flow of electricity and heat easily.
Potential Difference
The difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit.
Voltmeter
A device used to measure the voltage or potential difference in a circuit.
Resistance
The measure of opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
Ohm
Unit of measurement for electrical resistance.
Magnetism
The property of attracting or repelling materials based on their magnetic properties.